:Tangra Mountains

{{Main|Friesland Ridge}}

Friesland Ridge is 15.5 km long from Botev Point in the southwest to Shipka Saddle to the northeast. The summit Mount Friesland ({{coord|62|40|14.9|S|60|11|10.7|W|}}) rises to exactly 1,700 m. It was accurately measured by GPS in December 2003 by the Omega Foundation expedition led by Damien Gildea, which made the second ascent of Mount Friesland. Other main peaks are St. Boris (1,699 m),D. Boyanov and N. Petkov. [https://verticalworldbg.com/varhovete-na-tangra-planina/ The Peaks of Tangra Mountains: Project Report Part Two 2016/17.] Sofia, February 2017 (in Bulgarian) Simeon (1,580 m), St. Cyril (1,505 m), Lyaskovets (1,473 m), Presian Ridge (1,456 m), St. Methodius (1,180 m), Academia (1,253 m), and Zograf (1,011 m).The first ascents of Mount Friesland have been by Francesc Sàbat and Jorge Enrique from Juan Carlos I Base on 30 December 1991; Lyaskovets Peak by L. Ivanov and D. Vasilev from Camp Academia on 14 December 2004; Zograf Peak by L. Ivanov from Camp Academia on 31 December 2004;D. Gildea. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TrHtBgAAQBAJ Mountaineering in Antarctica: complete guide: Travel guide.] Primento and Editions Nevicata, 2015. 192 pp. {{ISBN|978-2-51103-136-0}} Simeon Peak by D. Boyanov, N. Petkov and N. Hazarbasanov from Huntress Glacier on 15 January 2017; and St. Boris Peak by D. Boyanov and N. Petkov from Camp Academia area on 22 December 2016.

{{Main|Levski Ridge}}

Levski Ridge is 8 km long between Shipka Saddle to the west and Devin Saddle to the east, and 8 km wide between Cherepish Ridge to the north and Christoff Cliff to the south. The summit Great Needle Peak ({{coord|62|40|15|S|60|03|10|W|}}) rises to 1680 m, and was first ascended and GPS-surveyed by the Bulgarian mountaineers Doychin Boyanov, Nikolay Petkov and Aleksander Shopov on 8 January 2015.N. Petkov. [http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/13201213631/Livingston-Island-Falsa-Aguja-and-Sofia-Peak Livingston Island, Falsa Aguja and Sofia Peak.] American Alpine Journal: Climbs And Expeditions, 2016. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190408082610/http://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/aaj-13201213631-1461013872.pdf Complete expedition report] by N. Petkov and D. Boyanov) Other main peaks are Levski (1430 m), St. Ivan Rilski Col (1350 m), Helmet (1254 m), Serdica (1200 m), Vihren (1150 m), Ongal (1149 m), and Plovdiv (1040 m). Other first ascents: Ongal Peak and Komini Peak (774 m) by L. Ivanov from Camp Academia on 21 December 2004, and Plana Peak by D. Boyanov, N. Petkov and A. Shopov on 8 January 2015.

{{Main|Delchev Ridge}}

Delchev Ridge is 10 km long between Devin Saddle to the west and Renier Point to the east. The summit Delchev Peak ({{coord|62|38|28|S|59|56|16|W|}}) rises to 940 m, other main peaks are Ruse (800 m), Asen (800 m), Peter (800 m), Kuber (770 m), Elena (700 m), Spartacus (650 m), Yavorov (640 m), and Paisiy (550 m).

British mapping of the mountains in 1968, Spanish mapping in 1991, Omega Foundation mapping in 2004, Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009 from topographic surveys in 1995/96 and 2004/05.

• S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13271 Livingston Island, Antarctica.] Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.
• L.L. Ivanov, N. Glavinchev, R. Tosheva and S. Naydenov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
• L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-9-5}} (First edition 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}})
• L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. {{ISBN|978-619-90008-3-0}}
• A. Kamburov and L. Ivanov. Bowles Ridge and Central Tangra Mountains: Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:25000 map. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2023. {{ISBN| 978-619-90008-6-1}}

• Geographical features on Livingston Island
• Antarctic Place-names Commission
• St. Kliment Ohridski Base
• Camp Academia
• Tangra 2004/05 Expedition
• Bansko Peak

File:Bowles_Ridge_and_Tangra_Mountains.png and central Tangra Mountains]]

;Notes

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite aaj | author = Gildea, Damien | article_id=12200432902

| title = Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Second Ascent of Mt. Friesland and New Altitude

| year = 2004 | volume = 46 | issue = 78 | pages = 329–331 | access-date = 2015-04-11}}

}}

;Sources

• J. Stewart. [https://epdf.tips/antarctica-an-encyclopedia-2-volume-set-second-edition.html Antarctica: An Encyclopedia.] Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland, 2011. 1771 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3590-6}}
• D. Gildea. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707145247/http://www.antarcticmountains.com/Antarctic_Mountains/Expeditions.html 2003 – Omega Livingston Island GPS Expedition]. Antarctic Mountains: Climbing in Antarctica.
• [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319006551_Antarctica_Livingston_Island Antarctica: Livingston Island]. Climb Magazine, Issue 14. Kettering, UK, April 2006. pp. 89–91
• L. Ivanov. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318467639_Livingston_Island_First_ascent_of_Komini_Peak_Lyaskovets_Peak_Zograf_Peak_Miziya_Peak_and_Melnik_Peak Livingston Island]: Tangra Mountains, Komini Peak, west slope new rock route; Lyaskovets Peak, first ascent; Zograf Peak, first ascent; Vidin Heights, Melnik Peak, Melnik Ridge, first ascent. The American Alpine Journal, 2005. pp. 312–315
• L. Ivanov. [http://livingston-island.weebly.com/ General Geography and History of Livingston Island.] In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28. {{ISBN|978-954-07-3939-7}}
• D. Gildea. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TrHtBgAAQBAJ Mountaineering in Antarctica: complete guide: Travel guide.] Primento and Editions Nevicata, 2015. {{ISBN|978-2-51103-136-0}}

{{Wide image|Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png|595px|North view of Tangra Mountains depicting (left to right) Great Needle Peak, Levski Peak, Lyaskovets Peak, Mount Friesland, St. Boris Peak and Simeon Peak, with Desolation Island in the foreground; fragment of an illustration to George Powell's 1822 chart of the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands}}

{{commons category}}

• [http://apcbg.org/gazet-bg.pdf Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer.] Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, [http://apcbg.org/gazet.pdf basic data] in English)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218053000/http://tangra2004bg.org/new_uk.htm Tangra 2004/05 Expedition]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051924/http://www.theomegafoundation.org/livingston03.htm Expedition Omega Livingston 2003.] The Omega Foundation, USA, 2003.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20091203172315/http://www.antarcticmountains.com/Antarctic_Mountains/Home.html Antarctic Mountains: Climbing in Antarctica]
• [https://copernix.io/#?where=-60.09931335449221,-62.66579995471557,12&?query=&?map_type=hybrid Tangra Mountains.] Copernix satellite image

{{Bulgarian-named Antarctic place}}

Category:Bulgaria and the Antarctic

Category:Mountain ranges of Antarctica