:Taos Pueblo

The pueblo was constructed in a setting backed by the Taos Mountains of the Sangre de Cristo Range. The settlement was built on either side of Rio Pueblo de Taos, also called Rio Pueblo and Red Willow Creek, a small stream that flows through the middle of the pueblo compound. Its headwaters come from Blue Lake, or Ba Whyea, in the nearby mountains.{{Cite web|last=Dzelzitis|first=Roz|date=June 1, 2002|title=Taos Blue Lake|url=https://sacredland.org/taos-blue-lake-united-states/|website=Sacred Land Film Project}}

Taos Pueblo's most prominent architectural feature is a multi-storied residential complex of reddish-brown adobe, built on either side of the Rio Pueblo. The Pueblo's website states it was probably built between 1000 and 1450.

The pueblo was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 9, 1960. In 1992 it was designated as a UNESCO Heritage Site. {{As of|2010|post=,}} about 150 people live in the historical pueblo full-time.

In the Tanoan language of Taos (Northern Tiwa), the pueblo is referred to as "the village" in either tə̂otho "in the village" (tə̂o- "village" + -tho "in") or tə̂obo "to/toward the village" (tə̂o- "village" + -bo "to, toward"). The proper name of the pueblo is ȉałopháymųp’ȍhə́othə̀olbo "at red willow canyon mouth" (or ȉałopháybo "at the red willows" for short).{{cite book|last=Sturtevant|first=William C.|title=Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 9: Southwest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DryFHpts0K0C&pg=PA267|access-date=10 December 2012|year=1978|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160045776|page=267}} This name is more commonly used in ceremonial contexts and is less common in everyday speech.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The name Taos in English was borrowed from Spanish Taos. Spanish Taos is probably a borrowing of Taos tə̂o- "village" which was heard as tao to which the plural -s was added although in the modern language Taos is no longer a plural noun. It has been proposed that the Spanish Taos comes from tao, "cross of the order of San Juan de los Caballeros" (from Greek tau),Jones, William. (1960). "Origin of the place name Taos", Anthropological Linguistics, 2 (3), 2–4; Trager, George L. (1960). "The name of Taos, New Mexico", Anthropological Linguistics, 2 (3), 5–6. but that is unlikely to be the case.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

It is most likely that the Taos Indigenous people, along with other Pueblo Indigenous people, settled along the Rio Grande after migrating south from the Four Corners region.{{Cite web | url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/pueblo-de-taos/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121075033/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/pueblo-de-taos/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 21, 2010 | title=Pueblo de Taos | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=2012-12-10| date=2010-11-15 }} The dwellings of that region were inhabited by the Ancestral Puebloans. A long drought in the area in the late 13th century may have caused them to move to the Rio Grande, where the water supply was more dependable. However, their reason for migrating is still disputed and there is evidence that a violent struggle took place. Ultimately, archeological clues point to the idea that the Natives may have been forced to leave.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Throughout its early years, Taos Pueblo was a central point of trade between the native populations along the Rio Grande and their Plains Tribes neighbors to the northeast. Taos Pueblo hosted a trade fair each fall after the agricultural harvest.

Spanish conquistadors first arrived at Taos Pueblo in 1540; they were members of the Francisco Vásquez de Coronado expedition, which stopped at many of New Mexico's pueblos in search of the rumored Seven Cities of Gold. Around 1620, Spanish Jesuits oversaw construction of the first Catholic Church in the pueblo, the mission of San Geronimo de Taos.{{Cite web|title=National Park Service - Explorers and Settlers (Taos Pueblo)|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/sitec41.htm|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.nps.gov}} Reports from the period indicate that the native people of Taos resisted the building of the church and forceful imposition of the Catholic religion.{{Cite web|last=Nomad|first=New Mexico|date=2018-12-14|title=New Mexico History : The Pueblo Revolt of 1680|url=https://newmexiconomad.com/the-pueblo-revolt-of-1680/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=New Mexico Nomad|language=en-US}} Throughout the 1600s, cultural tensions grew between the native populations of the Southwest and the increasing Spanish colonial presence. Taos Pueblo was no exception. By 1660, the native people killed the resident priest and destroyed the church.{{Cite web|title=San Geronimo de Taos - Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/travelspanishmissions/san-geronimo-de-taos.htm|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}} The Spanish replied brutally. Several years after it was rebuilt, the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 began. The Catholic church in Taos Pueblo still stands today.

{{Main|Taos Revolt}}

During the Mexican-American War, New Mexico came under United States control after the Battle of Santa Fe in August 1846. Charles Bent was appointed as the American territorial governor. Many of the Taos Pueblo people and Hispanos feared that the new American regime would dispossess them of their land, especially since Bent had been involved in land-grant speculation schemes under the Mexican regime.{{cite book |last=Crutchfield |first=James A. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Revolt at Taos : the New Mexican and Indian insurrection of 1847 |url= |location= |publisher=Westholme Publishing |page=71 |isbn=}}{{cite journal |last1=Beyreis |first1=David C. |date=Spring 2019 |title=Dangerous Alliances in the New Mexico Borderlands: Charles Bent and the Limits of Family Networks |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26905408 |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=57-80 |doi= |access-date=11 Nov 2024}} On January 19, 1847, Hispanos and Taos Pueblo people launched a rebellion against the US territorial government. Tomás Romero led a group of Taos Puebloans to Charles Bent's house in the town of Taos. The governor was shot with arrows, scalped, and killed.{{cite book |last=Crutchfield |first=James A. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Revolt at Taos : the New Mexican and Indian insurrection of 1847 |url= |location= |publisher=Westholme Publishing |page=73 |isbn=}}

Following the death of Bent and several other Americans, Col. Sterling Price, commander of the US forces based in Santa Fe, led an expedition against the insurgents, defeating them at the Battle of Cañada on January 24. The rebels retreated inside Taos Pueblo, and Price bombarded the town and the church where the defenders were sheltering with artillery on February 3.{{cite book |last=Crutchfield |first=James A. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Revolt at Taos : the New Mexican and Indian insurrection of 1847 |url= |location= |publisher=Westholme Publishing |page=92-97 |isbn=}} The next day, a hole was broken in the wall of the church to fire shells and grapeshot at those seeking refuge within. More than 150 people were killed during the attack.{{cite book |last=Crutchfield |first=James A. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Revolt at Taos : the New Mexican and Indian insurrection of 1847 |url= |location= |publisher=Westholme Publishing |page=92-97 |isbn=}} Tomás Romero was summarily executed after US forces captured Taos Pueblo,{{cite book |last=Crutchfield |first=James A. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Revolt at Taos : the New Mexican and Indian insurrection of 1847 |url= |location= |publisher=Westholme Publishing |page=92-97 |isbn=}} and other leaders of the revolt were later put on trial and executed by hanging. Further battles against US forces took place until July of that year.

File:South Pueblo, Taos Indian Pueblo. New Mexico.jpg pictured on an old postcard, circa 1930-1945.]]

The Pueblo's {{convert|48000|acre}} of mountain land was taken by President Theodore Roosevelt and designated as the Carson National Forest early in the 20th century. It was finally returned in 1970 by the United States when the Republican Richard Nixon signed Democratic senator Fred Harris' Public Law 91-550.Julyan, B: New Mexico's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide, page 73. Big Earth Publishing, 1999 An additional {{convert|764|acre}} south of the ridge between Simpson Peak and Old Mike Peak and west of Blue Lake were transferred back to the Pueblo in 1996.{{Cite web|url=http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/104/publ333.104.pdf|title=Public Law 104-333|access-date=July 19, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031073121/http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/104/publ333.104.pdf|archive-date=October 31, 2008}}

Blue Lake, which the people of the Pueblo consider sacred, was included in this return of Taos land. The Pueblo notably involved non-native people in lobbying the federal government for the return of Blue Lake, as they argued that their unrestricted access to the lake and the surrounding region was necessary to ensure their religious freedom.{{Cite journal|jstor = 20067803|title = Blue Lake: A Struggle for Indian Rights|last = Bodine|first = John J.|date = 1973|journal = American Indian Law Review|volume = 1|issue = 1|pages = 23–32|doi = 10.2307/20067803|url = https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1643&context=ailr}} The Pueblo's web site names the reacquisition of the sacred Blue Lake as the most important event in its history due to the spiritual belief that the Taos people originated from the lake.{{cite book |first=Marcia |last=Keegan |title=Taos Pueblo and Its Sacred Blue Lake: Reflections on the Fortieth Anniversary from Members of Taos Pueblo |publisher=Clear Light Pub |year=2010 |isbn=9781574160994}} It is believed that their ancestors live there,{{Cite web|date=2011-11-14|title=Taos Blue Lake|url=https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/taos-blue-lake/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Indigenous Religious Traditions|language=en-US|archive-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318163408/https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/taos-blue-lake/|url-status=dead}} and the Pueblos themselves only ascend the mountain for ceremonial purposes.{{Cite web |title=ABOUT {{!}} Taos Pueblo |url=https://taospueblo.com/about/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004153841/https://taospueblo.com/about/ |url-status=dead }}

File:Ansel Adams - National Archives 79-AA-Q01 restored.jpg—1941)]]

At the time of the Spaniards' initial contact, Hernando de Alvarado described the pueblo as having adobe houses built very close together and stacked five or six stories high. The homes became narrower as they rose, with the roofs of each level providing the floors and terraces for those above.{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/Taos_Pueblo.html | title=Taos Pueblo | publisher=National Park Service | access-date=2012-12-10}}

The buildings at Taos originally had few windows and no standard doorways. Instead, access to rooms was through square holes in the roof that the people reached by climbing long, wooden ladders. Engelmann Spruce logs (or vigas) supported roofs that had layers of branches, grass, mud, and plaster covering them. The architecture and the building materials were well suited for the rigors of the environment and the needs of the people in the Taos Valley.

The first Spanish-influenced architecture appeared in Taos Pueblo after Fray Francisco de Zamora came there in 1598 to establish a mission, under orders from Spanish Governor, Don Juan de Oñate.

File:Taos Pueblo2.jpg

The north-side Pueblo is said to be one of the most photographed and painted buildings in North America.{{cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Sylvia|title=The Matachines Dance: A Ritual Dance of the Indian Pueblos and Mexicano/Hispano Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XogChaZaM0IC&pg=PA17|access-date=10 December 2012|date=2009-04-10|publisher=Sunstone Press|isbn=9780865346345|page=17}} It is the largest multistoried Pueblo structure still existing. It is made of adobe walls that are often several feet thick. Its primary purpose was for defense. Up to as late as 1900, access to the rooms on lower floors was by ladders on the outside to the roof, and then down an inside ladder. In case of an attack, outside ladders could easily be pulled up.

The homes in this structure usually consist of two rooms, one of which is for general living and sleeping, and the second of which is for cooking, eating, and storage. Each home is self-contained; there are no passageways between the houses. Taos Indians made little use of furniture in the past, but today they have tables, chairs, and beds. In the pueblo, electricity, running water, and indoor plumbing are prohibited.

File:Ansel Adams - National Archives 79-AA-Q04.jpg (Ansel Adams—1941)]]

Two spiritual practices are represented in the Pueblo: the original indigenous spiritual and religious tradition and Roman Catholicism. The majority of Indigenous Taos continue to practice their ancient religion. Most (90%) members of the Taos Pueblo community are baptized as Roman Catholics. Saint Jerome, or San Geronimo, is the patron saint of the pueblo.{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Sascha T.|title=Paintings of Pueblo Indians and the Politics of Preservation in the American Southwest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ax6oNu7_1d4C&pg=PA25|access-date=10 December 2012|year=2008|isbn=9780549890423|page=25}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

File:Joseph Henry Sharp - The Harvest Dance - Google Art Project.jpg]]

Since Spanish colonization, the native Taos people have resisted cultural change and influence with European ideas.{{Cite journal|last=Daniel Worden|date=2013|title=Landscape Culture: Ansel Adams and Mary Austin's Taos Pueblo|journal=Criticism|volume=55|issue=1|pages=69|doi=10.13110/criticism.55.1.0069|s2cid=191421516 |issn=0011-1589}} Many ethnographers observe a high level of "interconnectedness and mutual dependence" between the Taos Pueblo and their surrounding land, where they derive many of their cultural traditions. Consequently, a historical rivalry exists between the people on the South side of the river (summer people) and the North side (winter people). Foot races, which have significant religious meaning in the tribe, are a common way for these two groups to express their rivalry, and there is a long held tradition in their tribe that was possibly created before the pyramids.{{Cite book|title=Taos pueblo|last=Wood, Nancy C.|date=1989|publisher=Knopf|isbn=0394560329|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=18559229|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/taospueblo00wood}} In addition, the Taos Pueblo attribute great value to Blue Lake in regards to their "living culture and agricultural sustainability."{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/492/|title=Taos Pueblo|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-06-30}}

According to Wood, the Taos Pueblo people never turn strangers away from their doors because they value both courtesy and hospitality. However, on All Souls' Day, the Taos Pueblo spend a day with their families and close their village to any non-Indian. The Taos Pueblo approach death with an air of "stoicism," and they are only allowed to visit cemeteries on All Souls' Day or the day of someone's burial.

In the cultural fabric of the Taos Pueblo, the ethnographic data suggests that women are considered to be subordinate to men. The Pueblo social structure is dictated by kiva memberships, and women are not allowed to take part in the rituals held in these sacred spaces because they "are not trained" to do so. Despite the exclusion of women from some spiritual activities, the women in the Taos Pueblo society "exercised a considerable degree of influence economically, politically, and interpersonally."{{Cite journal|last=Katz|first=Pearl|date=1982|title=Initiation Rites and the Status of Women at Taos Pueblo|journal=Anthropos|volume=77|issue=5/6|pages=889–891|issn=0257-9774|jstor=40460534}} For example, single women can run their own households, and married women control their own finances because they traditionally work as cooks or maids. Additionally, women have informal decision making power, using their abilities to influence the men around them.

In 2011, the Taos Pueblo Preservation Program received a $800,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/taos-pueblo|title=Taos Pueblo|website=World Monuments Fund|language=en|access-date=2021-04-04}} The fund aims to hire more workers, especially those who are trained in traditional construction techniques for conservation work, as well as workshop assistants who help pueblo homeowners with maintenance of traditional adobe homes. Supervisors teach trainees about traditional construction methods while rebuilding the majority of an 11-unit house which was in a state of near collapse.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/taos-pueblo|title=Taos Pueblo|website=World Monuments Fund|language=en|access-date=2018-12-08}}

File:Taos NM.jpgs (clay ovens)]]

The first phase of the conservation of Taos Pueblo is the construction of the training center, restoration of 120 to 150 houses, training of the local people in the community, creation of a detailed assessment of the structure of the compound, and establishment of a cultural center and tribal archives. The second phase was financed by the World Monument Fund. It is listed on its watchlist because of its endangered nature, both culturally and structurally. By the end of the conservation efforts, twenty-one adobe houses are expected to be restored. The previous fund has also covered the cost of a laser scanning of the structures.{{Cite web|title=Taos Pueblo|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/taos-pueblo|access-date=2022-01-24|website=World Monuments Fund|language=en}}

The main characteristics of the conservation of Taos Pueblo aim to encourage a community-based approach. They include the training of local people to manage their own property, as well as the establishment of partnerships with government and non-government entities. The project resolves to preserve the traditional way of life in the community and sustain cultural traditions.{{Cite journal|last=Abdel Tawab|first=Ayman|date=2013-07-24|title=Sustainable conservation of traditional living communities: the case of Taos Pueblo in the United States of America|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265384302|journal=Sharing Cultures}}

In August 2020, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development announced a grant of $899,754 awarded to the Taos Pueblo Housing Authority to rehabilitate five housing units to help reduce the risk of transmitting COVID-19. The grant will also be used to provide rental, food, and utility assistance.{{Cite web|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1485924/32m-in-housing-grants-go-to-nm-pueblos-ex-money-is-part-of-almost-18m-that-will-go-to-tribes-across-the-us.html|title=$3.2M in housing grants go to NM pueblos|date=August 12, 2020 |access-date=2021-04-04}}

• Antonio Archuleta, painter
• Trinidad Archuleta, artist
• Ochwiay Biano, elder, political leader
• Pop Chalee, painter
• Juanita Suazo Dubray, potter
• Albert Looking Elk (c. 1888–1940), painter
• Albert Lujan (1892–1948), painter
• Patricia Michaels, fashion designer, textile artist
• Eva Mirabal (1920–1968), comic artist, painter
• Juan Mirabal (1903–1981), painter
• Robert Mirabal, Native American flute–player
• Tomás Romero (revolutionary) (died 1848), military leader
• DeAnna Autumn Leaf Suazo (1992–2021), painter
• Pop Wea, also Lori Tanner (died 1966), painter

{{Portal|National Register of Historic Places}}

• Elk-Foot of the Taos Tribe
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Taos County, New Mexico
• List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
• List of the oldest buildings in New Mexico

{{Reflist|33em}}

• {{cite book |last=Bodine |first=John J |title=Taos Pueblo: A Walk Through Time |location=Tucson |publisher=Rio Nuevo Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=9781887896955}}

{{NPS}}

• {{cite book |first=Tisa Joy |last=Wenger |title=We Have a Religion: The 1920s Pueblo Indian Dance Controversy and American Religious Freedom |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780807832622}}

{{commons category|Taos Pueblo|Taos Pueblo (community)}}

{{commons category|Pueblo de Taos|Pueblo de Taos (historic pueblo)}}

• {{official website|http://www.taospueblo.com/}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120819221259/http://www.indianpueblo.org/19pueblos/taos.html Indianpueblo.org—Indian Pueblo Cultural Center: Taos Pueblo]
• [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/492 unesco.org: Taos Pueblo] — UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
• [http://www.sacredland.org/taos-blue-lake/ Sacredland.org: Taos Blue Lake]
• [http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/zc77sq09n Princeton.edu: Taos Blue Lake Collection] — at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University.
• [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/sw47.htm National Park Service—NPS: Taos Pueblo] — on NPS "Discover Our Shared Heritage" website''.
• [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=/sit SMU-in-Taos: Research Publications digital collection] — SMU-in-Taos (Fort Burgwin) campus; anthropological + archaeological monographs + edited volumes.
• [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/u?/sit,25 SMU-in-Taos: Taos archeology]
• [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/u?/sit,24 SMU-in-Taos: Papers on Taos archaeology]

{{Pueblo peoples}}

{{Indigenous Peoples of New Mexico}}

{{Indian reservations in New Mexico}}

{{National Register of Historic Places}}

{{World Heritage Sites in the United States of America}}

{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

{{Taos County, New Mexico}}

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Category:Adobe buildings and structures in New Mexico

Category:American Indian reservations in New Mexico

Category:Buildings and structures in Taos County, New Mexico

Pueblo, Taos

Category:National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico

Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

Category:Native American tribes in New Mexico

Category:Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Area

Category:Populated places in Taos County, New Mexico

Category:Pre-historic cities in the United States

Category:Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

Category:Pueblo great houses

Category:Puebloan buildings and structures

Category:Religious places of the Indigenous peoples of North America

Category:Sacred lakes

Pueblo

Category:Tiwa Pueblo peoples

Category:Tourist attractions in Taos County, New Mexico

Category:World Heritage Sites in the United States

Category:National Register of Historic Places in Taos County, New Mexico

Category:Pueblos on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

Category:Taos Revolt

Category:Populated places established in the 10th century

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