:Topic-prominent language
{{Short description|Language organizing its syntax to emphasize the topic–comment structure of the sentence}}
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A topic-prominent language is a language that organizes its syntax to emphasize the topic–comment structure of the sentence. The term is best known in American linguistics from Charles N. Li and Sandra Thompson, who distinguished topic-prominent languages, such as Korean and Japanese, from subject-prominent languages, such as English.
In Li and Thompson's (1976) view, topic-prominent languages have morphology or syntax that highlights the distinction between the topic and the comment (what is said about the topic). Topic–comment structure may be independent of the syntactic ordering of subject, verb and object.
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Common features
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Many topic-prominent languages share several syntactic features that have arisen because the languages have sentences that are structured around topics, rather than subjects and objects:
- They tend to downplay the role of the passive voice, if a passive construction exists at all,{{Clarify|text=This statement seems incorrect for Japanese: Japanese makes extensive use of the passive, even in technical writing.|date=February 2025}} since the main idea of passivization is to turn an object into a subject in languages whose subject is understood to be the topic by default.
- They rarely have expletives or "dummy subjects" (pleonastic pronouns) like English it in It's raining.
- They often have sentences with so-called "double subjects", actually a topic plus a subject. For example, the following sentence patterns are common in topic-prominent languages:
| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:2em"
| Mandarin | {{fs interlinear|italics2=no|italics3=yes | 這個 人 個子 很 高。|c1=(traditional) | 这个 人 个子 很 高。|c2=(simplified) | zhège rén gèzi hěn gāo | "This person (topic) height (subject) very tall." }} |
| Japanese
| {{fs interlinear | その ヤシは 葉っぱが 大きい。 | sono yashi-wa happa-ga ookii | "That palm tree (topic) leaves (subject) are big." }} |
- They do not have articles, which are another way of indicating old vs. new information.
- The distinction between subject and object is not reliably marked.
The Lolo–Burmese language Lisu has been described as highly topic-prominent,{{cite book |last1 = Li|first1 = Charles N.|last2 = Thompson|first2 = Sandra A.|chapter = Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language|title = Subject and Topic|editor = Charles N. Li|location = New York|publisher = Academic Press|pages = 457–489|year = 1976|isbn = 978-0-12-447350-8}} and Sara Rosen has demonstrated that "while every clause has an identifiable topic, it is often impossible to distinguish subject from direct object or agent from patient. There are no diagnostics that reliably identify subjects (or objects) in Lisu."{{cite book | last=Rosen | first=Sara Thomas | editor=Ramchand & Reiss | title=The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces | chapter = Structured Events, Structured Discourse | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2007 | isbn = 978-0-19-924745-5 }} This ambiguity is demonstrated in the following example:
{{interlinear|indent=3
|làthyu nya ánà khù -a
|people TOP dog bite -DECL
|a. "People, they bite dogs."
b. "People, dogs bite them."}}
Examples
Examples of topic-prominent languages include East Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Malay, Indonesian, Singaporean English and Malaysian English. Turkish,http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/langtyp.htm Typology of Language Grammars - San Jose State Universityhttp://www.turkofoni.org/files/a_typological_approach_to_sentence_structure_in_turkish-yilmaz_kili_arslan_trakya_uni.pdf A Typological Approach to Sentence Structure in Turkish - Yılmaz Kılıçaslan Hungarian,{{cite book|last1=Kenesei|first1=Istvan |last2=Vago|first2=Robert M. |last3=Fenyvesi|first3=Anna |title=Hungarian|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wObPFCi2zYC&pg=PA172|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-97646-1|pages=172–181|chapter=1.12. Topic}} Somali, and Native American languages like the Siouan languages are also topic-prominent. Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic-prominent or topic- and subject-prominent languagePontes, E. (1987). O tópico no português do Brasil. Pontes Editores.{{cite web|url=http://www.filologia.org.br/viiicnlf/anais/caderno05-07.html |title=As Construções De Tópico No Português Do Brasil: Uma Análise Sintático-Discursiva Em Tempo Real |publisher=Filologia.org.br |date= |accessdate=2012-12-24}} (see Brazilian Portuguese#Topic-prominent language). American Sign Language is also considered to be topic-prominent.{{cite book | title=Advances in the Sign Language Development of Deaf Children | last=Schick | first=Brenda Sue | page=36 | year=2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-518094-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2kmXbCfIWYC&q=ASL+topic-prominent&pg=PA36 | accessdate=2008-09-23}}
=Mandarin Chinese=
{{fs interlinear|indent=3
| 張三 我 已經 見過 了。
| {Zhāng Sān} wǒ yǐjing jiàn-guò le
| {Zhang San} I already see-EXP {{gcl|RES|resultative}}
| (As for) Zhang San, I've seen (him) already.}}
{{fs interlinear|indent=3
|top= Usual order*:
| 我 已經 見過 張三 了。
| wǒ yǐjing jiàn-guò {Zhāng Sān} le
| I already see-EXP {Zhang San} {{gcl|RES|resultative}}
| I've already seen Zhang San.}}
=Japanese=
{{fs interlinear|indent=3
| 魚は 鯛が おいしい。
| sakana-wa tai-ga oishi-i
| fish-TOP red.snapper-NOM delicious-NPST
| When it comes to fish, red snapper is delicious. / Red snapper is a delicious fish.}}
=Lakota=
{{interlinear|indent=3
| Miye ṡuŋkawaḱaŋ eya owiċabluspe yelo.
| be-the-one-1SG horse DET.PL catch-3PL.UND-1SG.ACT-catch DECL.male
| (As for) me, some horses: I caught them. → It was me who caught some horses. (I caught some horses.)}}
=Turkish=
{{interlinear|indent=3
| Seni yarın yine göreceğim.
| you-ACC tomorrow again see-FUT-1SG
| You tomorrow again I'll see. → I'll see you again tomorrow.}}