:USS Comfort (AH-3)

Havana was launched in 1906 by William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia for the New York & Cuba Mail Steam Ship Co. — commonly referred to as the Ward Line — as a passenger steamer on the New York to Havana route.

In 1909, on the way to the Quarantine Station in New York, Havana rammed the anchored Munson Line freighter Cubana which was hidden from sight behind {{SS|Kronprinz Wilhelm}}, also at anchor. Cubana had no damage below the waterline and Havana, laden with inbound New York passengers, suffered only superficial damage.{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/04/08/101876489.pdf| title = Liners collide in Narrows | work = The New York Times | date = 8 April 1909 | access-date = 28 January 2008 | page = 18 }}

Striking firemen delayed Havana{{'}}s departure in July 1911. The firemen were looking for an additional $0.15 per day for meals while the ship was in port. A. G. Smith, General Manager of the Ward Line, agreed to that concession, allowing the Havana to get underway after a two-hour delay.{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/07/09/104828874.pdf| title = Strike delays coasters | work = The New York Times | date = 9 July 1911 | access-date = 28 January 2008 | page = 12 }}

File:SS Havana (1907) underway prior to World War I (NH 100871).jpg

Several times in 1912, amidst an outbreak of bubonic plague in the Caribbean, Havana operated in violation of Cuban and U.S. quarantine rules. In July 1912, the liner prepared to depart Cuba without an inspection and fumigation, but faced the prospect of seven days quarantine in Havana before the ship would be allowed to depart.{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/14/100542029.pdf| title = Liner held back by plague order | work = The New York Times | date = 14 July 1912 | access-date = 28 January 2008 | page = 5 }} However, a compromise was worked out by the United States Marine Hospital Service which allowed Havana to depart after a one-day delay.{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/15/100542900.pdf| title = Complains of Americans | work = The New York Times | date = 15 July 1912 | access-date = 6 April 2008 | page = 9 }} In September of the same year, another inspection gaffe resulted in government prosecution of the Ward Line.{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/09/11/100376162.pdf| title = To prosecute Ward Line | work = The New York Times | date = 11 September 1912 | access-date = 28 January 2008 | page = 4 }}

On 23 May 1917 Havana and sister ship {{SS|Saratoga||2}}, another Ward Line steamer, were requisitioned by the War Department for U.S. Army use during World War I.

After her requisition by the U.S. government, Havana was turned over to the United States Army on 24 May 1917 for service as a transport ship.Crowell and Wilson, p. 316. She was hastily outfitted for trooping duties, and at daybreak on 14 June, USAT Havana, with fellow Army transport ships Saratoga, {{USAT|Tenadores||2}}, and {{USAT|Pastores||2}}, accompanied by cruisers {{USS|Seattle|ACR-11|2}}, {{USS|DeKalb|ID-3010|2}}, destroyers {{USS|Wilkes|DD-67|2}}, {{USS|Terry|DD-25|2}}, {{USS|Roe|DD-24|2}}, and converted yacht {{USS|Corsair|SP-159|2}}, set out from Ambrose Light for Brest, France. They were in the lead group of the first American troop convoy to France during World War I.Gleaves, pp. 38, 41. Corsair was unable to maintain the {{convert|15|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}} pace and fell back, being replaced by destroyer {{USS|Fanning|DD-37|2}} from the second group.Gleaves, p. 41–2.

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Wounded U.S. soldiers aboard USS Comfort.jpg|image2=Unloading wounded from USS Comfort.jpg|width=200|caption1=Wounded U.S. soldiers aboard Comfort, 1 December 1918|caption2=Wounded soldiers being unloaded from Comfort, December 1918}}

At 22:15 on 22 June, some {{convert|850|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} from its intended destination of Brest, Havana's group of the convoy was attacked by submarines. Two torpedoes passed near Havana and two torpedoes straddled DeKalb. No submarine was definitively sighted and the convoy, scattered by the alarm, reformed the next morning.Gleaves, pp. 42–3. The group, alerted by reports of submarine activity near Brest, diverted to Saint-Nazaire and arrived on 25 June.Gleaves, p. 45.

Havana made only the one transatlantic crossing as an Army transport and was transferred to the U.S. Navy on 17 July.Crowell and Wilson, p. 319. The ship was outfitted at the New York Navy Yard by the John N. Robins Co. of Brooklyn, New York; renamed Comfort on 14 March 1918; and commissioned 18 March 1918 with Medical Inspector C. M. Oman, USN, commanding. Comfort and {{USS|Mercy|AH-4|2}} (former Ward Line mate, Saratoga) were the first Navy hospital ships to have female nurses aboard, with a capacity of seven, including a chief nurse.{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/01/13/113305086.pdf| title = Army and Navy notes | work = The New York Times | date = 13 January 1918 | access-date = 24 January 2008 }}U.S. Navy, Annual Reports, p. 835. Both ships were outfitted with state-of-the-art operating rooms, X-ray labs, rest rooms, and could accommodate 500 patients each.

After serving from 24 July – 5 October 1918 as a floating hospital at New York, Comfort joined the Cruiser and Transport Force of the Atlantic Fleet to return wounded men from Europe. In three voyages between 21 October 1918 and 13 March 1919, she brought home 1,183 men from France, Britain, and the Azores. She sailed from Charleston on 9 June for repairs at Mare Island Navy Yard where she went in ordinary 11 September 1919.{{cite DANFS | title = Comfort | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c11/comfort-i.htm | short = on }}

At Mare Island, Comfort had her boilers replaced and the electrical system was revamped, which entailed replacing all temporary wiring with permanent wiring and watertight fixtures. The crew quarters of the ship had also become infested with bedbugs from older German-style hospital bedding and remedies and eradication were performed.U.S. Navy, Annual Reports, p. 834. But Comfort had seen the end of her Navy service; she was decommissioned 5 August 1921, and was sold at Mare Island 1 April 1925.

Author and poet William Nelson Morell, in his book of poems related to Navy service during the war, was inspired to write these lines about Comfort:

{{blockquote|They never billeted a better crew

That sailed out of any port

Than that which carried the wounded through

The war zone,—on the new "Comfort"|"The U.S.S. Comfort (Hospital Ship)"Morell, p. 4.}}

The former liner was reacquired by the Ward Line in 1927 and underwent a major refit – removal of one of its stacks and modernization of its interiors – at Todd Shipyard in Seattle, returning to passenger service in the following year.{{cite web | url = https://pmars.marad.dot.gov/NewCards/4532_8357AB.jpg | format = scan of record | title = Custody Card 1 (back) | publisher = United States Maritime Administration | work = Property Management & Archive Record System (PMARS) | access-date = 28 January 2008}}Kalafus. Havana was placed on the New York–Cuba service, where business thrived, in part because of Prohibition in the United States. Ward Line cruises to Havana were one of the quickest and least expensive ways to what one author called "alcohol-enriched vacations". The success of the Cuba routes attracted the attention of Cunard Line who added service from New York to Cuba with select cruises of {{RMS|Mauretania|1906|2}} in 1928, a full season of cruises on {{RMS|Caronia|1904|2}} in 1929, and the addition of {{RMS|Carmania|1905|2}} the following season.Flayhart, p. 292. This perceived threat to American shipping interests was met by the Ward Line by the acquisition of two new ships. The new ships, {{SS|Oriente||2}} and {{SS|Morro Castle|1930|2}}, became the top of the line, and Havana was demoted to a third tier ship in terms of luxury and spaciousness, behind {{SS|Siboney||2}} and {{SS|Orizaba||2}}.

On 6 January 1935, Havana ran aground on Mantanilla Reef ({{coord|27|22|N|78|41|W|display=inline}}{{cite web | url = http://water.worldcitydb.com/matanilla_reef_2198331.html | title = Matanilla Reef | publisher = WorldCityDB.com | work = World Water Features Database | access-date = 28 January 2008}}) north of The Bahamas. Although one passenger died of "apoplexy" during the evacuation of the ship, all the passengers were evacuated on the steamers El Oceano and Peten. These two steamers along with United States Coast Guard Cutters {{USCGC|Vigilant|WSC-154|2}} and {{USCGC|Pandora|WPC-113|2}} had come to the stricken ship's rescue.{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/392555411.html?dids=392555411:392555411&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110524172539/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/392555411.html?dids=392555411:392555411&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 May 2011 | format = fee | title = Passengers Saved as Liner Crashes on Bahamas Reef | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 7 January 1935 | page = 1 }} The ship had run aground in a well-known shoal area and near a visible marker buoy. The captain, Alfred W. Peterson, was found guilty of an "error in judgement in navigation" by using dead reckoning instead of more precise methods of setting course.{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0817FE3F5B177A93CAA9178DD85F418385F9 | format = fee | title = Peterson admonished in Ward ship crash | work = The New York Times | date = 8 June 1935 | page = 33 }} The grounding of Havana was second of three public relations disasters that befell the Ward Line in a four-month span; the fire and sinking of {{SS|Morro Castle|1930|2}} in September 1934, and the sinking of {{SS|Mohawk||2}} (chartered to replace the grounded Havana) on her maiden Ward Line voyage in January 1935, were the other two. After these three incidents, the "Ward Line" name was dropped in favor of the less familiar "Cuba Mail Line" moniker by July 1935.{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10915F9385A10718EDDA80A94DF405B858FF1D3 | format = fee | title = Notes of interest in the shipping world | work = The New York Times | date = 21 July 1935 | page = 25 }}

Havana remained on the reef for three months before being refloated, repaired, and renamed SS Yucatán. Yucatán remained in passenger service for the Cuba Mail Line until 1940, when she was converted to a freighter. On 29 November 1940, Yucatán sank at her pier in New York.{{cite news | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00713FC3F5C10728DDDA80894DA415B8088F1D3 | format = fee | title = Divers start task of raising vessel | work = The New York Times | date = 1 December 1940 | page = S10 }} After again being refloated and repaired, the ship was renamed Agwileon and assigned to the Cuba Mail Lines parent organization, the Atlantic, Gulf, & West Indies Steamship Lines (the "AGWI Lines"), and remained in service as a freighter.

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=left|image1=USAT Agwileon.jpg|image2=US Army hospital ship USAHS Shamrock in port, circa 1943-1946 (NH 103128).jpg|width=200|caption1=USAT Agwileon in mid 1943|caption2=USAHS Shamrock in port, {{Circa|1943–46}}}}

In April 1942, the Maritime Commission took control of SS Agwileon under a bareboat charter and used her to transport civilian technicians and advisors to Freetown, Sierra Leone, for the U.S. Army. After having boiler difficulties there, the ship then proceeded back to New York via Cape Town, Brazil, Trinidad, and Cuba. The voyage was completed in October.Charles, p. 5.

The following month, the ship became USAT Agwileon when it was chartered by the Army, and underwent conversion to a troopship at the Atlantic Basin Iron Works in Brooklyn. With the conversion complete, the troopship left in April 1943 for Oran and Gibraltar, returning to New York in June. After this one voyage she was selected for conversion to a hospital ship.

Putting in at the Atlantic Basin Iron Works again in June, the ship was renamed USAHS Shamrock in August 1943. With the conversion complete, the new hospital ship left New York in September for Gibraltar and the Mediterranean where she operated locally, calling often at Oran, Palermo, the southern beaches of France, Bizerte, and Naples. By mid-February 1944, Shamrock had transported 11,989 patients before departing Gibraltar for Charleston (via Bermuda), where she arrived in early March. After undergoing some repairs and alterations at Charleston, Shamrock sailed again for Gibraltar for another tour of duty in the Mediterranean area from May to September. After transporting over 6,000 patients during this mission, she returned via Horta, Azores, to Charleston in late September.Charles, p. 349.

In October, the hospital ship put in at Jacksonville for major repairs, before embarking on a final Mediterranean tour, arriving back in Charleston in April 1945. With the war in Europe winding down by this time, Shamrock underwent ventilation improvements at the Charleston Navy Yard intended for service in the Pacific. The repairs complete in September 1945, the hospital ship sailed for Los Angeles, arriving in October.

With no further need for hospital ships by that time, Shamrock was taken out of service. After the possibility of refitting the ship to carry home war brides was rejected, Shamrock was turned over to the War Shipping Administration at San Francisco on 4 February 1946, and placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) at Suisun Bay, California. On 30 December 1947, Shamrock was sold to the Walter W. Johnson Co., and on 4 February 1948 was withdrawn from the NDRF for scrapping.{{cite web | url = https://pmars.marad.dot.gov/NewCards/4532_8357AF.jpg | format = scan of record | title = Custody Card 1 (front) | publisher = United States Maritime Administration | work = Property Management & Archive Record System (PMARS) | access-date = 26 January 2008}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book | last = Charles | first = Roland W. | title = Troopships of World War II | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Army Transportation Association |date=April 1947 | oclc = 1871625 }}
• {{cite book | last = Crowell | first = Benedict | author-link = Benedict Crowell | author2 = Robert Forrest Wilson | title = The Road to France: The Transportation of Troops and Military Supplies, 1917–1918 | url = https://archive.org/details/roadtofrancetra04wilsgoog | series = How America Went to War: An Account From Official Sources of the Nation's War Activities, 1917–1920 | location = New Haven, Connecticut | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1921 | oclc = 18696066 }}
• {{cite book | last = Flayhart | first = William H. | title = Disaster at Sea: Shipwrecks, Storms, and Collisions on the Atlantic | location = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton & Co. | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-32651-2 | oclc = 56913373 }}
• {{Gleaves}}
• {{cite book | last = Kalafus | first = Jim | url = http://www.garemaritime.com/features/morro-castle/index.php | chapter-url = http://www.garemaritime.com/features/morro-castle/18.php | chapter = Interlude | title = Morro Castle, the Mohawk and the End of the Ward Line | publisher = Gare Maritime | date = c. 2006 | access-date = 2008-01-28 }}
• {{cite book | last = Morell | first = William Nelson | title = Rhymes of the fleet, and other poems | url = https://archive.org/details/rhymesfleetando00moregoog | location = Boston | publisher = The Stratford Co. | year = 1918 | oclc = 18475925 }}
• {{cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | author-link = Naval Historical Center | title = Comfort | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/comfort-i.html | access-date = 7 April 2018}}
• {{cite book | author = United States Navy Department | title = Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the Fiscal Year | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = United States Government Printing Office | year = 1921 | oclc = 5164555 | author-link = United States Department of the Navy }}
• {{DANFS}}

{{Refend}}

• {{navsource|09/12/1203|Comfort}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050405121110/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-civil/civsh-h/havana.htm Initially constructed as S.S. Havana (American Passenger Ship, 1906)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050405121335/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-c/ah3.htm Converted to USS Comfort (1918-1925, later AH-3)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060419111948/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-us-cs/army-sh/usash-ag/agwileon.htm Later became USAT Agwileon (Transport, 1942-1943) then later the Army Hospital Ship Shamrock (1943-1946)]
• [https://www.flickr.com/photos/24300962@N02/4153395851/?addedcomment=1#comment72157622962126000 the Caldwell Kvaran archives]

{{1935 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comfort (AH-3)}}

Category:1906 ships

Category:Ships built by William Cramp & Sons

Category:Ships of the Ward Line

Category:Hospital ships of the United States Navy

Category:Transport ships of the United States Army

Category:Hospital ships of the United States Army

Category:World War I auxiliary ships of the United States

Category:World War II auxiliary ships of the United States

Category:Maritime incidents in 1935