:White Eagles (paramilitary)

{{short description|Serbian paramilitary group}}

{{distinguish|Chetniks}}

{{Infobox military unit

| unit_name = White Eagles

| native_name = Бели орлови
Beli orlovi

| image = White eagles.svg

| image_size = 205

| caption = Coat-of-arms of the White Eagles

| dates = 1991–1999

| country =

| allegiance = {{flag|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}
{{flag|Republic of Serbian Krajina|name=Serbian Krajina}}
{{flag|Republika Srpska (1992–95)|name=Republika Srpska}}

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| nickname = Avengers (Osvetnici)
Šešelj's men (Šešeljevci)

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| notable_commanders = Vojislav Šešelj
Mirko Jović
Dragoslav Bokan
Milan Lukić

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The White Eagles ({{langx|sr|Бели орлови|translit=Beli orlovi}}), also known as the Avengers ({{Langx|sr|Осветници|translit=Osvetnici}}),{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/milan_lukic_sredoje_lukic/tjug/en/090720_j.pdf|title=ICTY: Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić judgement}} were a Serbian paramilitary group associated with the Serbian National Renewal (SNO) and the Serbian Radical Party (SRS).[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2317765.stm "Profile: Vojislav Seselj" BBC News 27 November 2006]Allen, Beverly (1996) Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 154-155, {{ISBN|0-8166-2818-1}} The White Eagles fought in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo during the Yugoslav Wars.[http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2001/kosovo/Po_naredjenju.pdf Po naređenju: ratni zločini na Kosovu] (Izveštaj Human Right Watch-a)

In the 2003 Vojislav Šešelj indictment from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the group is included as an alleged party in a joint criminal enterprise of ethnic cleansing, in which SRS leader Šešelj allegedly took part. In the indictment the group is identified as "volunteer units including 'Chetniks', or Šešeljevci" ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Шешељевци}}).ICTY, [http://www.icty.org/x/cases/seselj/ind/en/ses-ii030115e.pdf Vojislav Seselj indictment], 15 January 2003 This association was denied by Šešelj."In previous wars (Bosnia, Croatia) there was a small paramilitary organisation called White Eagles, but the Serb Radical Party had absolutely nothing to do with them."[http://www.icty.org/x/cases/pavkovic/trans/en/050823IT.htm Testimony of Vojislav Šešelj, Transcript of 23 August 2005, p. 43081, lines 16-18] On 31 March 2016, he was acquitted in a first-instance verdict on all counts by the ICTY, a ruling which still holds today, barring an unrelated conviction from its successor (International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals) for instigating deportation of Croats from the Serbian village of Hrtkovci.{{Cite web |title=Trial Judgement in the case of Vojislav Šešelj delivered {{!}} International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |url=https://www.icty.org/en/press/trial-judgement-in-the-case-of-vojislav-seselj-delivered |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.icty.org}}

Name

Although the group's members were occasionally referred to as Chetniks,{{Cite web |url=http://www.earlham.edu/~pols/ps17971/terneel/bassiouni.html |title=United Nations Commission on Breaches of Geneva Law in Former Yugoslavia |access-date=30 December 2007 |archive-date=8 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808030659/http://www.earlham.edu/~pols/ps17971/terneel/bassiouni.html |url-status=dead }} the name White Eagles comes from the anti-communist and pro-fascist paramilitary unit that was formed during World War II, known as Serbian Volunteer Corps.{{cite book |editor1=Andrea Mammone |editor2=Emmanuel Godin |editor3=Brian Jenkins |title=Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe: From Local to Transnational |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136330384 |page=164}} White Eagle refers to the national symbol of Serbia, the double headed white eagle under a crown.

History

The White Eagles were founded at the end of 1990. The unit's emblem was a white double-headed eagle on a red shield. Its leaders were Vojislav Šešelj, Mirko Jović, Dragoslav Bokan and Milan Lukić.{{cite book |author1=Norman L. Cigar |author2=Paul R. Williams |title=Indictment at the Hague: The Milosevic Regime and Crimes of the Balkan Wars |date=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814716267 |pages=167, 170}}{{cite web |title=Hague Tribunal Upholds Visegrad Crimes Verdict |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2012/12/04/hague-tribunal-to-deliver-verdict-for-visegrad-crimes/ |website=Balkan Insight |date=4 December 2012}} They participated in attacks on the settlement of Slatina in western Slavonia, Lovas in October, and Vukovar in November 1991.{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|p=43}}

Bosnian War

In the Bosnian war, White Eagles participated in attacks on Bosniak paramilitary units that occupied Bijeljina and defending Višegrad. In 1992, Šešelj's men, together with Arkan's Tigers, captured Zvornik.

Members of the White Eagles have been accused of the Višegrad massacre,{{cite web |title="Updates From the International Criminal Courts" |url=http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/15/1criminal.pdf}}. p. 40, 20 July 2007, American University Washington College of Law: War Crimes Research Office and the Foča massacre.{{cite web |title=Testimony of Witness 52, Transcript of 27 March 2000 |url=http://www.un.org/icty/transe23/000327ed.htm}}

The prosecution claimed that these killings were incited by Šešelj's speech, which was dismissed by the Hague Tribunal.{{cite news |title=Detalji optužnice protiv Šešelja |url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2003&mm=02&dd=14&nav_id=101179}} There are also unproven allegations that the White Eagles operated a detention camp in Liješće.{{cite web |title=Prison Camps |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VIII-02.htm}}

Reappearance

In December 2010 a group called "White Eagles" ({{langx|sr|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Бели Орлови}} / {{lang|sr-Latn|Beli Orlovi}}}}) took responsibility for the killing of Kosovo's Bosniak leader Šefko Salković in the north of Kosovo. The group also took responsibility for obstructions of the election process in northern Kosovska Mitrovica, as well as for attacking KFOR troops.VOA News, [https://www.voanews.com/a/article----111748279/132167.html Kosovo Holds First Parliamentary Election], 12 December 2010. "A Serb group calling itself White Eagles claimed responsibility for the attack - and also said it carried out the killing of a Bosniak election official last week."Emg.rs, [http://www.emg.rs/en/news/serbia/141553.html Serb organization “Beli Orlovi” takes over the killing of Salkovic], 14. December 2010.

References

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