:William Bateson

File:Bateson@72.jpg, 1909]]

Bateson was born 1861 in Whitby on the Yorkshire coast, the son of William Henry Bateson, Master of St John's College, Cambridge, and Anna Bateson (née Aikin), who was on the first governing body of Newnham College, Cambridge. He was educated at Rugby School and at St John's College, where he graduated BA in 1883 with a first in natural sciences.{{acad|id=BT879|name=Bateson, William}}

Taking up embryology, he went to the United States to investigate the development of Balanoglossus, a worm-like hemichordate which led to his interest in vertebrate origins. In 1883–4 he worked in the laboratory of William Keith Brooks, at the Chesapeake Zoölogical Laboratory in Hampton, Virginia.Johns Hopkins University Circular Nov. (1883), vol III, no 27, pg 4.

Turning from morphology to study evolution and its methods, he returned to England and became a Fellow of St John's. Studying variation and heredity, he travelled in western Central Asia.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}{{Cite book |last=Bateson |first=William |title=Letters From the Steppe Written in the Years 1886-1887 |publisher=Methuen |year=1928 |edition=1st |location=Cambridge University Library |publication-date=1928}}

Between 1900 and 1910 Bateson directed a rather informal "school" of genetics at Cambridge. His group consisted mostly of women associated with Newnham College, Cambridge, and included both his wife Beatrice, and her sister Florence Durham.{{cite journal |last=Richmond |first=Marsha L. |title=The 'Domestication' of Heredity: The Familial Organization of Geneticists at Cambridge University, 1895–1910 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |year=2006 |volume=39 |issue=3 |jstor=4332033 |publisher=Springer |pages=565–605 |doi=10.1007/s10739-004-5431-7|s2cid=84924910 }}{{cite web |title=Bateson Family Papers |url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/mole/view?docId=ead/Mss.Ms.Coll.2-ead.xml|publisher=American Philosophical Society |access-date=4 October 2013}} They provided assistance for his research program at a time when Mendelism was not yet recognised as a legitimate field of study. The women, such as Muriel Wheldale (later Onslow), carried out a series of breeding experiments in various plant and animal species between 1902 and 1910. The results both supported and extended Mendel's laws of heredity. Hilda Blanche Killby, who had finished her studies with the Newnham College Mendelians in 1901, aided Bateson in the replication of Mendel's crosses in peas. She conducted independent breeding experiments in rabbits and bantam fowl, as well.{{cite journal |author=Richmond, M. L. |title=Women in the early history of genetics. William Bateson and the Newnham College Mendelians, 1900–1910 |journal=Isis |volume=92 |issue=1 |page=69 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11441497 |doi=10.1086/385040|s2cid=29790111 }}

In 1910, Bateson became director of the John Innes Horticultural Institution and moved with his family to Merton Park in Surrey. During his time at the John Innes Horticultural Institution he became interested in the chromosome theory of heredity and promoted the study of cytology by the appointment of W.C.F. Newton{{cite journal |title=Obituary. Mr. W. C. F. Newton |journal=Nature |volume=121 |issue=3036 |pages=27–28 |author=A. D. H.|doi=10.1038/121027b0 |date=January 1928 |doi-access=free }} and, in 1923, Cyril Dean Darlington.{{cite web|url=http://www.jic.ac.uk/centenary/history-timeline.htm|title=A Brief History of the John Innes Centre|work=jic.ac.uk |access-date=21 October 2015}}

In 1919, he founded The Genetics Society, one of the first learned societies dedicated to Genetics.{{cite web|url=http://www.genetics.org.uk/About/AbouttheSociety.aspx|title=Genetics Society Website > About > About the Society|publisher=genetics.org.uk|access-date=21 October 2015}}

Bateson was married to Beatrice Durham. He first became engaged to her in 1889, but at the engagement party, was thought to have had too much wine, so his mother in law prevented her daughters' engagement. They finally married 7 years later in June 1896,{{cite web|title=Background note|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/mole/view?docId=ead/Mss.Ms.Coll.2-ead.xml|work=Bateson Family Papers|publisher=American Philosophical Society|accessdate=30 July 2013}} by which time Arthur Durham had died and his wife had either died (according to Henig){{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEO2bQ-k-nMC&pg=PA209 |title=The Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics |first=Robin Marantz |last=Henig |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |pages=209–212 |isbn= 9780618127412}} or had somehow been persuaded to drop her opposition to the marriage (according to Cock).{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDUi1xg26gsC&pg=PA44 |title=Treasure Your Exceptions: The Science and Life of William Bateson |first1=Alan G. |last1=Cock |first2=Donald R. |last2=Forsdyke |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |pages=180–181|isbn=9780387756882}} Their son was the anthropologist and cyberneticist Gregory Bateson.

Bateson has been described as a "very militant" atheist.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6PhO7Og2fYC&pg=PA13 | title=Understanding Gregory Bateson: Mind, Beauty, and the Sacred Earth| isbn=9780791478271| last1=Charlton| first1=Noel G.| date=25 March 2010| publisher=State University of New York Press}}"William Bateson was a very militant atheist and a very bitter man, I fancy. Knowing that I was interested in biology, they invited me when I was still a school girl to go down and see the experimental garden. I remarked to him what I thought then, and still think, that doing research must be the most wonderful thing in the world and he snapped at me that it wasn't wonderful at all, it was tedious, disheartening, annoying and anyhow you didn't need an experimental garden to do research." [http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4620.html Interview with Dr. Cecilia Gaposchkin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503214448/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4620.html |date=3 May 2015 }} by Owen Gingerich, 5 March 1968.

In June 1894 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society{{cite web | url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27bateson%27%29 | title= Library and Archive Catalogue | publisher= Royal Society | access-date= 11 December 2010 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and won their Darwin Medal in 1904 and their Royal Medal in 1920. He also delivered their Croonian lecture in 1920.

He was the president of the British Association in 1913–1914.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofbritisha15adva#page/n75/mode/2up|title=Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science|access-date=21 October 2015}}

Bateson's work published before 1900 systematically studied the structural variation displayed by living organisms and the light this might shed on the mechanism of biological evolution,{{Cite book |last=Bateson |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0001bate/ |title=Scientific papers of William Bateson |date=1971 |publisher=New York, Johnson Reprint Corp.}} and was strongly influenced by both Charles Darwin's approach to the collection of comprehensive examples, and Francis Galton's quantitative ("biometric") methods. In his first significant contribution,{{Cite journal |last1=Bateson |first1=W. |last2=Brindley |first2=H. H. |date=November 1892 |title=3. On some cases of Variation in Secondary Sexual Characters, statistically examined. |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1892.tb01785.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=585–596 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1892.tb01785.x |issn=0370-2774}} he shows that some biological characteristics (such as the length of forceps in earwigs) are not distributed continuously, with a normal distribution, but discontinuously (or "dimorphically"). He saw the persistence of two forms in one population as a challenge to the then current conceptions of the mechanism of heredity, and says "The question may be asked, does the dimorphism of which cases have now been given represent the beginning of a division into two species?"

In his 1894 book, Materials for the study of variation,Materials for the study of variation, treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species William Bateson 1861–1926. London : Macmillan 1894 xv, 598 p Bateson took this survey of biological variation significantly further. He was concerned to show that biological variation exists both continuously, for some characters, and discontinuously for others, and coined the terms "meristic" and "substantive" for the two types. In common with Darwin, he felt that quantitative characters could not easily be "perfected" by the selective force of evolution, because of the perceived problem of the "swamping effect of intercrossing", but proposed that discontinuously varying characters could.

In Materials Bateson noted and named homeotic mutations, in which an expected body-part has been replaced by another. The animal mutations he studied included bees with legs instead of antennae; crayfish with extra oviducts; and in humans, polydactyly, extra ribs, and males with extra nipples. These mutations are in the homeobox genes which control the pattern of body formation during early embryonic development of animals. The 1995 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded for work on these genes. They are thought to be especially important to the basic development of all animals. These genes have a crucial function in many, and perhaps all, animals.{{cite web |last1=Genetic Science Learning Center |title=Homeotic Genes and Body Patterns |url=https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/hoxgenes/ |website=Learn Genetics |publisher=University of Utah |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315035400/https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/hoxgenes/ |archive-date=15 March 2019 |language=en}}

In Materials unaware of Gregor Mendel's results, Bateson wrote concerning the mechanism of biological heredity, "The only way in which we may hope to get at the truth is by the organization of systematic experiments in breeding, a class of research that calls perhaps for more patience and more resources than any other form of biological enquiry. Sooner or later such an investigation will be undertaken and then we shall begin to know." Mendel had cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, performing exactly the experiment Bateson wanted.{{cite book|last1=Magner|first1=Lois N.|title=History of the Life Sciences|year=2002|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-2039-1100-6|page=380|edition=3, revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKJ6gVYbrGwC&pg=PA380}}{{cite book|last1=Gros|first1=Franc̜ois|title=The Gene Civilization|year=1992|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-024963-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/genecivilization00gros/page/28 28]|edition=English Language|url=https://archive.org/details/genecivilization00gros|url-access=registration}}{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Randy|title=The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Work|journal=Bioscene|year=2001|volume=27|issue=2|pages=13–24|url=http://courses.pbsci.ucsc.edu/mcdb/bio105/Spring15/Lecture2/Rediscovery%20of%20Mendel.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216153032/http://courses.pbsci.ucsc.edu/mcdb/bio105/Spring15/Lecture2/Rediscovery%20of%20Mendel.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}

Also in Materials, he stated what has been called Bateson's rule, namely that extra legs are mirror-symmetric with their neighbours, such as when an extra leg appears in an insect's leg socket. It appears to be caused by the leaking of positional signals across the limb-limb interface, so that the extra limb's polarity is reversed.{{cite journal |last1=Held |first1=Lewis I. |last2=Sessions |first2=Stanley K. |title=Reflections on Bateson's rule: Solving an old riddle about why extra legs are mirror-symmetric |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution |volume=332 |issue=7 |year=2019 |pages=219–237 |issn=1552-5007 |doi=10.1002/jez.b.22910|pmid=31613418 |bibcode=2019JEZB..332..219H |s2cid=204704335 }}

In 1897 he reported some significant conceptual and methodological advances in his study of variation.{{Cite journal |last=Bateson |first=W. |date=1897 |title=On Progress in the Study of Variation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43414676 |journal=Science Progress (1894-1898) |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=554–568 |jstor=43414676 |issn=2059-4968}} "I have argued that variations of a discontinuous nature may play a prepondering part in the constitution of a new species." He attempts to silence his critics (the "biometricians") who misconstrue his definition of discontinuity of variation by clarification of his terms: "a variation is discontinuous if, when all the individuals of a population are breeding freely together, there is not simple regression to one mean form, but a sensible preponderance of the variety over the intermediates… The essential feature of a discontinuous variation is therefore that, be the cause what it may, there is not complete blending between variety and type. The variety persists and is not "swamped by intercrossing". But critically, he begins to report a series of breeding experiments, conducted by Edith Saunders, using the alpine brassica Biscutella laevigata in the Cambridge botanic gardens. In the wild, hairy and smooth forms of otherwise identical plants are seen together. They intercrossed the forms experimentally, "When therefore the well-grown mongrel plants are examined, they present just the same appearance of discontinuity which the wild plants at the Tosa Falls do. This discontinuity is, therefore, the outward sign of the fact that in heredity the two characters of smoothness and hairiness do not completely blend, and the offspring do not regress to one mean form, but to two distinct forms."

At about this time, Hugo de Vries and Carl Erich Correns began similar plant-breeding experiments. But, unlike Bateson, they were familiar with the extensive plant breeding experiments of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s, and they did not cite Bateson's work. Critically, Bateson gave a lecture to the Royal Horticultural Society in July 1899,Bateson, W. (1900) "Hybridisation and Cross-Breeding as a Method of Scientific Investigation" J. RHS (1900) 24: 59 – 66, a report of a lecture given at the RHS Hybrid Conference in 1899. [https://archive.org/stream/journalofroyalho27roya#page/n5/mode/2up Full text: ] which was attended by Hugo de Vries, in which he described his investigations into discontinuous variation, his experimental crosses, and the significance of such studies for the understanding of heredity. He urged his colleagues to conduct large-scale, well-designed and statistically analysed experiments of the sort that, although he did not know it, Mendel had already conducted, and which would be "rediscovered" by de Vries and Correns just six months later.

{{further|Mutationism}}

Bateson became famous as the outspoken Mendelian antagonist of Walter Raphael Weldon, his former teacher, and of Karl Pearson who led the biometric school of thinking. The debate{{when|date=June 2022}} centred on saltationism versus gradualism (Darwin had represented gradualism, but Bateson was a saltationist).{{Cite journal |last=Gillham |first=N. W. |date=December 2001 |title=Evolution by jumps: Francis Galton and William Bateson and the mechanism of evolutionary change |journal=Genetics |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=1383–1392 |doi=10.1093/genetics/159.4.1383 |issn=0016-6731 |pmc=1461897 |pmid=11779782}} Later, Ronald Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane showed that discrete mutations were compatible with gradual evolution, helping to bring about the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Bateson first suggested using the word "genetics" (from the Greek gennō, γεννώ; "to give birth") to describe the study of inheritance and the science of variation in a personal letter to Adam Sedgwick (1854–1913, zoologist at Cambridge, not the Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873) who had been Darwin's professor), dated 18 April 1905.{{cite web |title=Naming 'genetics' {{!}} Lines of thought |url=https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/linesofthought/artifacts/naming-genetics/ |website=exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk |access-date=28 September 2017}} Bateson first used the term "genetics" publicly at the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906.Bateson W. (1906) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/206746#page/129/mode/1up "The progress of genetic research"] Report of the Third International Conference 1906 on Genetics, W. Wilks, ed. London, England: Royal Horticultural Society. pp. 90–97. From p. 91: " … the science itself [i.e. the study of the breeding and hybridisation of plants] is still nameless, and we can only describe our pursuit by cumbrous and often misleading periphrasis. To meet this difficulty I suggest for the consideration of this Congress the term Genetics, which sufficiently indicates that our labors are devoted to the elucidation of the phenomena of heredity and variation: in other words, to the physiology of Descent, with implied bearing on the theoretical problems of the evolutionist and the systematist, and application to the practical problems of breeders, whether of animals or plants."Gordon M. Shepherd (2010). "Mendel's proposal that heredity is the outcome of 'independent factors' led William Bateson in England in 1906 to suggest the term 'genetics' as a specific biological term for the study of the rules of heredity. Following Bateson, Wilhelm Johannsen in Denmark in 1909 proposed the term 'gene' for the 'independent factors', as well as 'genotype' for the combination of genes in an individual and 'phenotype'" ([http://www.imd.inder.cu/adjuntos/article/401/Creating%20Modern%20Neuroscience.pdf Creating modern neuroscience] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722050146/http://www.imd.inder.cu/adjuntos/article/401/Creating%20Modern%20Neuroscience.pdf |date=22 July 2015 }}, p. 17). Although this was three years before Wilhelm Johannsen used the word "gene" to describe the units of hereditary information, De Vries had introduced the word "pangene" for the same concept already in 1889, and etymologically the word genetics has parallels with Darwin's concept of pangenesis. Bateson and Edith Saunders also coined the word "allelomorph" ("other form"), which was later shortened to allele.{{cite web | last = Craft | first = Jude | title = Genes and genetics: the language of scientific discovery | work = Genes and genetics | publisher = Oxford English Dictionary | year = 2013 | url = http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/shapers-of-english/genes-and-genetics-the-language-of-scientific-discovery/ | access-date = 14 January 2016 | archive-date = 29 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140501/http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/shapers-of-english/genes-and-genetics-the-language-of-scientific-discovery/ | url-status = dead }}

Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett and Edith Saunders, and he and Punnett founded the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent loci. His interpretations and philosophies were often at odds with Galtonian eugenics, and he was a pivotal figure in shifting the consensus away from strict hereditarianism.Hardin, Garrett. Nature and Man's Fate, [https://archive.org/details/naturemansfate0000garr%20h5t3/page/n5/mode/2up pp. 133, 197-199], Rinehart & Co., New York, Toronto (1959)

The John Innes Centre holds a Bateson Lecture in his honour at the annual John Innes Symposium.{{cite web|url=http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/whats-on/named-lectures/bateson.htm|title=The Bateson Lecture|publisher=John Innes Centre|access-date=23 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109155313/http://www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/whats-on/named-lectures/bateson.htm|archive-date=9 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}

{{Excessive examples|section|date=September 2023}}

;Books & Book Contributions

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Macmillan

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species

| date = 1894

| url = https://archive.org/stream/materialsforstud00bate#page/n5/mode/2up }}

• {{Cite book |publisher=C. J. Clay and Sons |year=1902 |last=Bateson |first=William |title=Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defence |url=https://archive.org/details/mendelsprinciple00bate_1/page/n7/mode/2up}}
• {{Cite book

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = The Methods and Scope of Genetics

| date = 1908

| url = https://archive.org/details/methodsscopeofge00bateuoft }}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| pages = 85–101

| editor = A.C. Seward

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = Essays in Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of Charles Darwin and of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of "The Origin of Species"

| chapter = Heredity and Variation in Modern Lights

| date = 1909}}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = Mendel's Principles of Heredity

| date = 1909

| url = https://archive.org/stream/ost-biology-mendelsprincipl00bate/mendelsprincipl00bate#page/n9/mode/2up }}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Harmsworth's World's Great Books

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = Summary of "Mendel's Principles"

| date = 1909}}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Clarendon Press

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = Biological Fact and the Structure of Society

| location = Oxford

| date = 1912}}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Yale University Press

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = Problems of Genetics

| date = 1913

| url = https://archive.org/stream/problemsofgeneti00bate#page/219/mode/2up }}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| editor = A.C. Benson

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| title = Cambridge Essays on Education

| chapter = The place of science in education

| date = 1917}}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Isaac Pitman Ltd.

| last1 = Bateson

| first1 = William

| last2 = I. Pitman & Sons, Limited

| title = Ideals, Aims and Methods in Education

| chapter = Evolution and education

| series = The New Educator's Library

| date = 1922}}

• {{Cite book

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| last = Bateson

| first = William

| editor = Beatrice Bateson

| title = Letters from the Steppe Written in the Years 1886-1887 by William Bateson

| date = 1928}}

;Journals and other media

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 24

| pages = 208–236

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The early stages in the development of Balanoglossus

| journal = Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

| date = 1884}}

• {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1080/00222938409459195

| volume = 13

| issue = 73

| pages = 65–67

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On the development of Balanoglossus

| journal = Annals and Magazine of Natural History

| date = 1884

| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222938409459195}}

• {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1098/rspl.1884.0058

| volume = 38

| issue = 235–238

| pages = 23–30

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = II. Note on the later stages in the development of Balanoglossus Kowalevskii (Agassiz), and on the affinities of the enteropneusta

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

| date = 1885-12-31

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 26

| pages = 511–533

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Continued account of the later stages in the development of Balanoglossus kowalevskii, and of the morphology of the Enteropneusta

| journal = Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

| date = 1886}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 26

| pages = 535–571

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The ancestry of the chordata

| journal = Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

| date = 1886}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 6

| pages = 298

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Suggestion that certain fossils known as Bilobites may be regarded as casts of Balanoglossus

| journal = Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

| date = 1888}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 1

| pages = 211–217

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Notes and memoranda: notes on the senses and habits of some Crustacea

| journal = Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

| date = 1889}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 180

| pages = 297–330

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On some variations of Cardium edule, apparently correlated to the conditions of life

| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B

| date = 1889| bibcode = 1889RSPTB.180..297B

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 46

| pages = 204–211

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On some variations of Cardium edule, apparently correlated to the conditions of life

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B

| date = 1889}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 1

| pages = 225–256

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The sense organs and perceptions of fishes: with remarks on the supply of bait

| journal = Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

| date = 1890| issue = 3

| doi = 10.1017/S0025315400072118

| bibcode = 1890JMBUK...1..225B

| s2cid = 85580540

| url = http://plymsea.ac.uk/24/1/The_sense_organs_and_perceptions_of_fishes_with_remarks_in_the_supply_of_bait.pdf

}}

• {{Cite journal

| pages = 579

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On some cases of abnormal repetition of parts in animals

| journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society

| date = 1890}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 7

| pages = 68

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On some skulls of Egyptian mummified cats

| journal = Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

| date = 1890}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 7

| pages = 159

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On the nature of supernumary appendages in insects

| journal = Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

| date = 1890}}

• {{Citation

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = For Greek

| date = 1890}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 28

| pages = 386–421

| last1 = Bateson

| first1 = W.

| last2 = Bateson

| first2 = Anna

| title = On the variation in the floral symmetry of certain plants having irregular corollas

| journal = Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany

| date = 1891| doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1891.tb01469.x

}}

• {{Cite journal

| pages = 45–52

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On variation in the colour of cocoons of Eriogaster lanestris and Saturnia carpini

| journal = Transactions of the Entomological Society of London

| date = 1892}}

• {{Cite journal

| pages = 102–115

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On numerical variation in teeth, with a discussion of the conception of homology

| journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society

| date = 1892}}

• {{Cite journal

| pages = 205–214

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = On variation in the colour of cocoons, pupae and larvae. Further experiments

| journal = Transactions of the Entomological Society of London

| date = 1892}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 46

| pages = 585–586

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The alleged "aggressive mimicry" of Volucellae

| journal = Nature

| date = 1892| issue = 1199

| doi = 10.1038/046585d0

| s2cid = 4008372

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 47

| pages = 77–78

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The alleged "aggressive mimicry" of Volucellae

| journal = Nature

| date = 1892| issue = 1204

| doi = 10.1038/047077d0

| bibcode = 1892Natur..47...77B

| s2cid = 3986592

}}

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| title = On two cases of colour-variation in flat-fishes, illustrating principles of symmetry

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| title = Collective inquiry as to progressive melanism in moths

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| volume = 25

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| title = Problems of heredity as a subject for horticultural investigation

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| title = Heredity, differentiation, and other conceptions of biology: a consideration of Professor Karl Pearson's paper 'On the principle of Homotyposis.'

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| volume = 26

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| title = Introductory note to the translation of 'Experiments in plant hybridization' by Gregor Mendel

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| title = Note on the resolution of compound characters by cross-breeding

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| volume = 12

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| title = On Mendelian heredity of three characters allelomorphic to each other

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| volume = 2

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| title = The present state of knowledge of colour-heredity in mice and rats

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| volume = 67

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| title = Report of the 74th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

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| title = Practical aspects of the new discoveries in heredity

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| title = Experimental Studies in the Physiology of Heredity

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| volume = 71

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| title = The exhibition of, and remarks upon specimens of fowls, illustrating peculiarities in the heredity of white plumage

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| title = Experimental Studies in the Physiology of Heredity

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| title = A suggestion as to the nature of the 'walnut' comb in fowls

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| title = Experimental studies in the Physiology of Heredity

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| issue = Part 114

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| title = Mendelian heredity and its application to man

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| doi = 10.1098/rspb.1906.0013

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| title = Further experiments on inheritance in sweet peas and stocks: preliminary account

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| title = The progress of genetics since the rediscovery of Mendel's papers

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| volume = 74

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| title = A text-book of genetics

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• {{Cite journal

| volume = 34

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| title = Coloured tendrils of sweet-peas

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| doi = 10.1126/science.26.678.908

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| title = Trotting and Pacing: Dominant and Recessive

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| doi = 10.1126/science.26.672.649

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| title = Facts Limiting the Theory of Heredity

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| title = Experimental studies in the Physiology of Heredity

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| volume = 78

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| title = Lectures on evolution

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• {{Cite journal

| volume = 78

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| title = British Association discussion on sex-determination. Correction

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| doi = 10.1126/science.27.698.785

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| title = The Heredity of Sex

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| title = Report IV. Experimental studies in the Physiology of Heredity

| series = Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society

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| doi = 10.1002/jez.1400090103

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| volume = 23

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| title = An appreciation of J. W. Tutt

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| date = 1911}}

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| volume = Series 3

| issue = 49

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| title = The John Innes Horticultural Institute Report for 1910

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| date = 1911}}

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| volume = 88

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| title = Recent advances in the genetics of plants

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| date = 1911| doi = 10.1038/088036a0

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| publisher = British Association

| pages = 587–596

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| title = Presidential address to the agricultural subsection, British Association, Portsmouth

| series = British Association Report

| date = 1911}}

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| volume = 84

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| title = A case of gametic coupling in Pisum

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• {{Cite journal

| volume = 84

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| title = On the interrelations of genetic factors

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| volume = 1

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| last2 = Punnett

| first2 = Reginald C.

| title = The inheritance of the peculiar pigmentation of the silky fowl

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1911| issue = 3

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| volume = 1

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| title = On gametic series involving reduplication of certain terms

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| volume = 51

| pages = 57–74, 89, 104, 120, 123, 139

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| title = Lectures to Royal Institution (Fullerian Professorship)

| journal = Gardeners' Chronicle

| date = 1912}}

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| pages = 99–100

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| title = Reduplication of terms in series of gametes

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| volume = 90

| pages = 667–668

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| title = Problems of the cotton plant

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• {{Cite journal

| volume = 2

| pages = 359–362

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| title = Heredity

| journal = British Medical Journal

| date = 1913| issue = 2746

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| volume = Series 3

| issue = 54

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| title = Oenothera crosses

| journal = Gardeners' Chronicle

| date = 1913}}

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| pages = 89

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| title = Discussion of Lotsy's theory of evolution by hybridization

| journal = Proceedings of the Linnean Society

| date = 1913}}

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| doi = 10.1126/science.40.1027.319

| volume = 40

| issue = 1027

| pages = 319–333

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| title = Address of the President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

| journal = Science

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| doi = 10.1126/science.40.1026.287

| volume = 40

| issue = 1026

| pages = 287–302

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| title = Address of the President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

| journal = Science

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| volume = 55

| pages = 74–92, 112, 131, 149, 171, 332–33

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| title = Royal Institution and Fullerian lectures

| journal = Gardeners' Chronicle

| date = 1914}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 5

| pages = 13–36

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| last2 = Pellew

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| title = On the genetics of "rogues" among culinary peas, Pisum sativum

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| volume = 89

| pages = 174–175

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| last2 = Pellew

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| title = Note on an orderly dissimilarity in inheritance from different parts of a plant

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B

| date = 1915}}

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| doi = 10.1126/science.44.1137.536

| volume = 44

| issue = 1137

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| title = The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity

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| date = 1916-10-13}}

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| volume = 44

| pages = 536–543

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| title = Review of The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity by Morgan et al.

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• {{Cite journal

| volume = 5

| pages = 199–201

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| title = Notes on experiments with flax at the John Innes Horticultural Institution

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1916| issue = 3

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• {{Cite journal

| volume = 6

| pages = 75–80

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| title = Root-cuttings, chimaeras and "sports."

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1916| doi = 10.1007/BF02981867

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| volume = Session 130

| pages = 44–46

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| title = Philippe Leveque de Vilmorin

| journal = Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London

| date = 1917}}

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| last = Bateson

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| title = The ear of Dionysius

| journal = Times Literary Supplement

| date = 1917-05-03}}

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| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The ear of Dionysius

| journal = Times Literary Supplement

| date = 1917-05-17}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 99

| pages = 43

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| title = Is variation a reality?

| journal = Nature

| date = 1917| doi = 10.1038/099043a0

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| volume = 6

| pages = 163–164

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| last2 = Thomas

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| title = Note on a pheasant showing abnormal sex-characters

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1917| issue = 3

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| pages = 1–4

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| title = Gamete and zygote

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Great Britain

| date = 1918-02-15}}

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| volume = 229

| pages = 123–138

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| first = W.

| title = Science and nationality

| journal = Edinburgh Review

| date = 1919}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 104

| pages = 214–216

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Progress in Mendelism

| journal = Nature

| date = 1919| issue = 2610

| doi = 10.1038/104214a0

| bibcode = 1919Natur.104..214B

| s2cid = 43677417

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 104

| pages = 315

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Linkage in the silk worm. A correction.

| journal = Nature

| date = 1919| issue = 2612

| doi = 10.1038/104315c0

| bibcode = 1919Natur.104..315B

| s2cid = 4171637

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 103

| pages = 344–345

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Dr. Kammerer's testimony to the inheritance of acquired characters

| journal = Nature

| date = 1919| issue = 2592

| doi = 10.1038/103344b0

| bibcode = 1919Natur.103..344B

| s2cid = 4146761

| url = https://zenodo.org/record/2519385

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 8

| pages = 93–99

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Studies in variegation. I.

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1919| issue = 2

| doi = 10.1007/BF02983489

| s2cid = 42935802

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 8

| pages = 199–207

| last1 = Bateson

| first1 = W.

| last2 = Sutton

| first2 = I.

| title = Double flowers and sex-linkage in Begonia

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1919| issue = 3

| doi = 10.1007/BF02983495

| s2cid = 3037710

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 91

| pages = 358–368

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Gametic segregation

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B

| date = 1920}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 105

| pages = 6

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Organization of scientific work

| journal = Nature

| date = 1920| issue = 2627

| doi = 10.1038/105006a0

| bibcode = 1920Natur.105....6B

| s2cid = 4225771

| url = https://zenodo.org/record/2141541

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 105

| pages = 461–462

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Prof. L. Doncaster, FRS

| journal = Nature

| date = 1920| issue = 2641

| doi = 10.1038/105461a0

| bibcode = 1920Natur.105..461B

| s2cid = 673638

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 91

| pages = 186–195

| last1 = Bateson

| first1 = W.

| last2 = Pellew

| first2 = C.

| title = The genetics of "rogues" among culinary peas, Pisum sativum

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B

| date = 1920| issue = 638

| bibcode = 1920RSPSB..91..186B

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 13

| pages = 325–338

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Common sense in racial problems

| journal = Eugenics Review

| date = 1921| issue = 1

| pmid = 21259721

| pmc = 2945996

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 92

| pages = 41–46

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Leonard Doncaster, 1877–1920

| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B

| date = 1921}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 11

| pages = 91–97

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Root cuttings and chimaeras. II.

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1921| doi = 10.1007/BF02983038

| s2cid = 42347084

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 106

| pages = 719

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The determination of sex

| journal = Nature

| date = 1921| doi = 10.1038/106719a0

| s2cid = 4206244

| url = https://zenodo.org/record/2038112

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 107

| pages = 233

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Variegation in a fern

| journal = Nature

| date = 1921| issue = 2686

| doi = 10.1038/107233b0

| bibcode = 1921Natur.107..233B

| s2cid = 4129208

| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1810120

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 108

| pages = 64–66

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Classical and modern education

| journal = Nature

| date = 1921| issue = 2706

| doi = 10.1038/108064a0

| bibcode = 1921Natur.108...64B

| s2cid = 4112715

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 11

| pages = 269–275

| last1 = Bateson

| first1 = W.

| last2 = Gairdner

| first2 = A.E.

| title = Male sterility in flax, subject to two types of segregation

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1921| issue = 3

| doi = 10.1007/BF02983063

| s2cid = 20551415

}}

• {{Cite encyclopedia

| edition = 12

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Genetics

| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica

| date = 1922}}

• {{Cite encyclopedia

| edition = 12

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Mendelism

| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica

| date = 1922}}

• {{Cite encyclopedia

| edition = 12

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Sex

| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica

| date = 1922}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 110

| pages = 76

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Interspecific sterility

| journal = Nature

| date = 1922| issue = 2750

| doi = 10.1038/110076a0

| bibcode = 1922Natur.110...76B

| s2cid = 4132143

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite news

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Darwin and evolution, limits and variation

| work = The Times

| date = 1922-04-13}}

• {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1126/science.55.1423.373

| volume = 55

| issue = 1423

| pages = 373

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Genetical Analysis and the Theory of Natural Selection

| journal = Science

| date = 1922-04-07

| pmid = 17770286

| bibcode = 1922Sci....55..373B

| url = https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.55.1423.373}}

• {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1126/science.55.1412.55

| volume = 55

| issue = 1412

| pages = 55–61

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Evolutionary faith and modern doubts

| journal = Science

| date = 1922-01-20| pmid = 17753924

| bibcode = 1922Sci....55...55B

| s2cid = 4098705

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 111

| pages = 39

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Area of distribution as a measure of evolutionary age

| journal = Nature

| date = 1923| doi = 10.1038/111039a0

| s2cid = 4090998

}}

• {{Cite conference

| pages = 155–156

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Somatic segregation in plants

| book-title = Report of International Horticultural Congress

| location = Amsterdam

| date = 1923}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 112

| pages = 313–314

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = The revolt against the teaching of evolution in the United States

| journal = Nature

| date = 1923| issue = 2809

| doi = 10.1038/112313a0

| bibcode = 1923Natur.112..313B

| s2cid = 43131581

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| pages = 9–12

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Note on the nature of plant chimaeras

| journal = Studia Medeliana, Brünn

| date = 1923}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 111

| pages = 738–878

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Dr. Kammerer's Alytes

| journal = Nature

| date = 1923| issue = 2796

| doi = 10.1038/111738a0

| bibcode = 1923Natur.111..738B

| s2cid = 4074820

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 13

| pages = 219–253

| last1 = Gregory

| first1 = R.P.

| last2 = de Winton

| first2 = D.

| last3 = Bateson

| first3 = W.

| title = Genetics of Primula sinensis

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1923| issue = 2

| doi = 10.1007/BF02983056

| s2cid = 32503328

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 113

| pages = 644–646, 681–682

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Progress in biology

| journal = Nature

| date = 1924| issue = 2844

| doi = 10.1038/113644a0

| bibcode = 1924Natur.113..644B

| s2cid = 4071184

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1007/BF02983990

| issue = 16

| pages = 101–123

| last1 = Bateson

| first1 = W.

| last2 = Bateson

| first2 = Gregory

| title = On certain aberrations of the red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa and Saxatilis

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1925| volume = 16

| s2cid = 28076556

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 115

| pages = 715–717

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Huxley and evolution

| journal = Nature

| date = 1925| issue = 2897

| doi = 10.1038/115715a0

| bibcode = 1925Natur.115..715B

| s2cid = 4070143

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 115

| pages = 827–830

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Mendeliana

| journal = Nature

| date = 1925| doi = 10.1038/115827a0

| s2cid = 4129012

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 116

| pages = 78

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Evolution and intellectual freedom

| journal = Nature

| date = 1925}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 116

| pages = 681–683

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Science in Russia

| journal = Nature

| date = 1925| issue = 2923

| doi = 10.1038/116681a0

| bibcode = 1925Natur.116..681B

| s2cid = 36326040

| doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite journal

| volume = 16

| pages = 201–235

| last = Bateson

| first = W.

| title = Segregation: being the Joseph Leidy Memorial Lecture of the University of Pennsylvania, 1922

| journal = Journal of Genetics

| date = 1926| issue = 2

| doi = 10.1007/BF02982999

| s2cid = 37542635

}}

• Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model
• Lucien Cuénot

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite journal |author=Schwartz JH |title=Recognizing William Bateson's contributions |journal=Science |volume=315 |issue=5815 |pages=1077 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17322045 |doi=10.1126/science.315.5815.1077b|s2cid=30917602 }}
• {{cite journal |author=Harper PS |title=William Bateson, human genetics and medicine |journal=Human Genetics |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=141–51 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16133188 |doi=10.1007/s00439-005-0010-3|s2cid=21329782 }}
• {{cite journal |author=Hall BK |title=Betrayed by Balanoglossus: William Bateson's rejection of evolutionary embryology as the basis for understanding evolution |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution |volume=304 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15668943 |doi=10.1002/jez.b.21030|bibcode=2005JEZB..304....1H }}
• {{cite journal |author=Bateson P |title=William Bateson: a biologist ahead of his time |journal=Journal of Genetics |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=49–58 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12532036 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol81No2/49.pdf |doi=10.1007/BF02715900|s2cid=26806110 }}
• {{cite journal |author=Gillham NW |title=Evolution by jumps: Francis Galton and William Bateson and the mechanism of evolutionary change |journal=Genetics |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=1383–92 |date=December 2001 |doi=10.1093/genetics/159.4.1383 |pmid=11779782 |pmc=1461897}}
• {{cite journal |author=Richmond ML |title=Women in the early history of genetics. William Bateson and the Newnham College Mendelians, 1900–1910 |journal=Isis |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=55–90 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11441497 |doi=10.1086/385040|s2cid=29790111 }}
• {{cite journal |author=Harvey RD |title=Pioneers of genetics: a comparison of the attitudes of William Bateson and Erwin Baur to eugenics |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=105–17 |date=January 1995 |pmid=11615278 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1995.0007|s2cid=37331290 }}
• {{cite journal |author=Olby R |title=William Bateson's introduction of Mendelism to England: a reassessment |journal=British Journal for the History of Science |volume=20 |issue=67 |pages=399–420 |date=October 1987 |pmid=11612343 |doi=10.1017/S0007087400024201|s2cid=38474184 }}
• {{cite journal |author=Harvey RD |title=The William Bateson letters at the John Innes Institute |journal=The Mendel Newsletter |issue=25 |pages=1–11 |date=November 1985 |pmid=11620779}}
• {{cite journal |author=Cock AG |title=William Bateson's rejection and eventual acceptance of chromosome theory |journal=Annals of Science |volume=40 |pages=19–59 |date=January 1983 |pmid=11615930 |doi=10.1080/00033798300200111}}
• {{cite journal |author=Cock AG |title=William Bateson's pilgrimages to Brno. Cesty Williama Batesona do Brna |journal=Folia Mendeliana |volume=65 |issue=15 |pages=243–50 |year=1980 |pmid=11615869}}
• {{cite journal |author=Cock AG |title=The William Bateson papers |journal=The Mendel Newsletter |volume=14 |pages=1–4 |date=June 1977 |pmid=11609980}}
• {{cite journal |author=Darden L |title=William Bateson and the promise of Mendelism |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–106 |year=1977 |pmid=11615639 |doi=10.1007/BF00126096|s2cid=13822276 }}
• {{cite journal |author=Cock AG |title=William Bateson, Mendelism and biometry |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=6 |pages=1–36 |year=1973 |pmid=11609732 |doi=10.1007/BF00137297|s2cid=937451 }}

{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=46821482}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• {{Gutenberg author | id=33456}}
• {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Bateson |sopt=t}}
• {{Librivox author |id=6797}}
• William Bateson 1894. [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=3111077 Materials for the Study of Variation, treated with special regard to discontinuity in the Origin of Species]
• William Bateson 1902. [https://archive.today/20130112131437/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9781108006132 Mendel's Principles of Heredity, a defence]
• {{cite EB1922|wstitle=Bateson, William}}
• [http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/concept_5/con5bio.html Punnett and Bateson]
• [http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/bateson3.htm Opposition to Bateson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123115036/http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/bateson3.htm |date=23 November 2019 }} – Documents by, or about, Bateson are on Donald Forsdyke's webpages
• [https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/batesonpunnett Bateson-Punnett Notebooks] digitised in Cambridge Digital Library

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bateson, William}}

Category:1861 births

Category:1926 deaths

Category:People educated at Rugby School

Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge

Category:English geneticists

Category:English atheists

Category:Fullerian Professors of Physiology

Category:Fellows of the Royal Society

Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

Category:Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)

Category:Royal Medal winners

Category:Mutationism

Category:Presidents of the British Science Association

Category:People from Whitby

William

Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society