:William Edward Parry

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific_prefix = Sir

| name = Edward Parry

| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|size=100%}}

| image = Captain William Edward Parry (1790-1855), by Charles Skottowe.jpg

| caption = Portrait by Charles Skottowe

| office = Hydrographer of the Navy

| term = {{start and end dates|1823|12|01|1829|05|13|df=y}}

| predecessor = Thomas Hannaford Hurd

| successor = Sir Francis Beaufort

| birth_name = William Edward Parry

| birth_date = {{birth date|1790|12|19|df=y}}

| birth_place = Bath, Somerset, England

| death_date = {{death date and age|1855|07|08|1790|12|19|df=y}}

| death_place = Bad Ems, Kingdom of Prussia

| spouse = {{plainlist|class=nowrap|

Isabella Louisa Stanley
Catherine Edwards Hoare}}

| father = Caleb Hillier Parry

| relatives = {{plainlist|

Charles Henry Parry (brother)
Joshua Parry (grandfather)
Edward Rigby (uncle)}}

| education = King Edward's School

| occupation = Arctic explorer, hydrographer

| known_for = Farthest North in 1827

| branch_label = Branch

| branch = {{navy|United Kingdom|size=20px}}

| serviceyears_label = Service years

| serviceyears = 1803–1855

| rank = Rear admiral

| battles_label = Wars

| battles = Anglo-American War

}}

Sir William Edward Parry {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} (19 December 1790 – 8 July 1855) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer best known for his 1819–1820 expedition through the Parry Channel, probably the most successful in the long quest for the Northwest Passage, until it was finally negotiated by Roald Amundsen in 1906. In 1827, Parry attempted one of the earliest expeditions to the North Pole. He reached 82° 45' N, setting a record for human exploration Farthest North that stood for nearly five decades before being surpassed at 83° 20' N by Albert Hastings Markham in 1875.

Early life

Parry was born in Bath, Somerset, the son of Caleb Hillier Parry and Sarah Rigby. He was educated at King Edward's School.

At the age of thirteen he joined the flagship of Admiral Sir William Cornwallis in the Channel fleet as a first-class volunteer, in 1806 became a midshipman, and in 1810 received promotion to the rank of lieutenant in the frigate Alexander, which spent the next three years in the protection of the Spitsbergen whale fishery.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Parry took advantage of this opportunity for the study and practice of astronomical observations in northern latitudes, and afterwards published the results of his studies in a small volume on Nautical Astronomy by Night. From 1813 to 1817 he served on the North American Station.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Arctic exploration

File:Map indicating Lancaster Sound, Nunavut, Canada.png runs west from Lancaster Sound. Melville Island is the westernmost yellow-and-pink island on the north side.]]

Image:Map indicating Foxe Basin, Nunavut, Canada.png. Melville Peninsula on the west between Frozen Strait (south) and Fury and Hecla Strait (north)]]

File:Caspar David Friedrich - Das Eismeer - Hamburger Kunsthalle - 02.jpg) by Caspar David Friedrich, 1823–4, was inspired by Parry's account from the 1819–1820 expedition. The harsh nature (e.g. the shipwreck) and radical composition, however, caused it to remain unsold until the death of the artist in 1840.{{sfn|Fredreich|1824}}]]

File:The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting Into Winter Harbour, Sept. 26th, 1819.jpg & Griper Cutting into Winter Harbour, 26 Sept. 1819". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.]]

File:Durand-brager-296.png by Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager]]

= 1818: Baffin Bay =

In 1818 he received command of the brig {{ship||Alexander|1813 ship|2}} in the Arctic expedition under Captain John Ross. This expedition followed the coast of Baffin Bay without making any new discoveries.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

= 1819: Halfway across the Arctic =

Parry and many others thought that Ross was wrong to turn back after entering Lancaster Sound at the north end of Baffin Island. Partly as a result, Parry was given command of a new expedition in {{HMS|Hecla|1815|6}}, accompanied by the slower {{HMS|Griper|1813|6}} under Matthew Liddon. Others on the expedition were Edward Sabine, science officer and Frederick William Beechey. For protection from ice the ships were clad with {{convert|3|in|cm|adj=on}} oak, had iron plates on their bows and internal cross-beams.

They also carried food in tin cans, an invention so new that there were as yet no can openers. Instead of taking Ross's route anti-clockwise around Baffin Bay (which Ross was charting) he was able to cross the bay straight to Lancaster Sound. Fighting his way through ice he reached clear water on 28 July and entered Lancaster Sound. He passed Ross's farthest west and kept going. Blocked by heavy ice, they went south for more than {{convert|100|mi|km}} into Prince Regent Inlet before turning back.[https://archive.org/details/voyagesetdcouver00mang Voyages et découvertes outremer, A. Mangin, 1863]

Continuing west they passed 110° W (about {{convert|600|mi|km}} west of Lancaster Strait) which entitled them to a £5,000 award offered by Parliament. Finally blocked by ice they turned back to a place Parry called Winter Harbour on the south shore of Melville Island, somewhere near 107- or 108° W. Cutting their way through new ice the ships reached anchorage on 26 September.

Here they were frozen in for the next 10 months. There were three months of total darkness and in the new year the temperature dropped to {{convert|−54|F|C}}. The men were kept busy with regular exercise while the officers put on plays and produced a newspaper.Fleming, Fergus (2018). “Scribes in Ice and Darkness: Polar Newspapers.” The Book Collector I67/3: 422-442. The first case of scurvy was reported in January and by March fourteen men were on the sick list, about half with mild scurvy. Parry carried mustard and cress seeds and planted them in his cabin. The leaves seemed to help.

There was some excitement in early March when the first melt water appeared, but by the end of the month the ice was still {{convert|6|ft|m|0}} thick. In June Parry led a group of men dragging a wooden cart to the north shore of the island which he named Hecla and Griper Bay. It was the first of August before the ships were able to float out of the harbour. They got as far west as 113°46'W before turning back. It was too late in the season and new ice was already beginning to form. They reached England in October 1820 having lost one man.

Parry's voyage, which had taken him through the Parry Channel three-quarters of the way across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was probably the single most productive voyage in the quest for the Northwest Passage. Luck was on their side; 1819 was unusually ice-free and no ship was able to travel so far west until Edward Belcher's expedition in 1850. A narrative of the expedition, entitled Journal of a Voyage to discover a North-west Passage, appeared in 1821, publisher John Murray paying 1,000 guineas for it. Upon his return Lieutenant Parry received promotion to the rank of commander.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in February 1821.{{sfn|The Royal Society}}

= 1821: West side of Foxe Basin =

In April 1821 he again left for the Arctic commanding {{HMS|Fury|1814|6}} accompanied by {{HMS|Hecla|1815|6}} under George Francis Lyon. Others with him were George Fisher, scientist and chaplain, William Hooper, purser and diarist, lieutenant Henry Parkyns Hoppner and then midshipmen Francis Crozier and James Clark Ross. Experience from the previous voyage led to improvements. The two vessels were nearly identical since Gripper had not been able to keep up with Hecla, and all the equipment was made to be entirely interchangeable. They had cork insulation, cork plugs for the portholes and an improved heating system, coal-burning stove, placed in the lowest deck to deal with cold and condensation. The men were issued better clothing and lemon juice was stored in kegs rather than glass bottles.

The goal this time was to find a passage near the northwest end of Hudson Bay. After working slowly through the ice of Hudson Strait he headed directly west to Frozen Strait which Christopher Middleton had found impassable in 1742. He passed Frozen Strait in a fog and found himself in Repulse Bay which he re-checked and found land-locked. He then ran northeast and mapped the coast of the Melville Peninsula and wintered at the southeast corner of Winter Island. From the Inuit he learned that northward the coast turned west.

In March and May Lyon led two sledging expeditions into the interior. Freed from the ice in July they then went north and found the Fury and Hecla Strait, which was ice-filled. They waited for the ice to clear, but it did not. In September Lieutenant Reid trekked {{convert|100|mi|km}} west along the Strait to the ice-filled Gulf of Boothia, the north end of which Parry had approached in 1819. When new ice began to form they went a short distance southeast and wintered at Igloolik.

The ship was not freed from ice until 8 August. Since it was late in the season and there were signs of scurvy, Parry turned for home and reached Shetland in mid-October 1823. During his absence, he had been promoted to post rank in November 1821, and shortly after his return he was appointed acting Hydrographer of the Navy. His Journal of a Second Voyage, &c., appeared in 1824.

= 1824: Loss of ''Fury'' at Prince Regent Inlet =

File:Hecla and Fury entering Baffin's Bay.jpg and HMS Fury enter Baffin Bay during the 1824 expedition]]

In May 1824 he left London in the Hecla accompanied by Henry Parkyns Hoppner in the Fury. With them were Horatio Thomas Austin, James Clark Ross, Francis Crozier and William Hooper. The goal this time was Prince Regent Inlet at the west end of Baffin Island where he had been blocked by ice in 1819. It was a bad year for ice and he did not reach Lancaster Sound until 10 September. He entered Prince Regent Inlet but after {{convert|60|mi|km}} of ice he was forced to winter at a place he called Port Bowen on the eastern shore.

In late July 1825 they freed themselves from the ice, but {{convert|60|mi|km}} further south they were caught by wind and ice and the Fury was driven against the western shore and damaged by the ensuing pressure. After 48 hours work on the pumps they made an attempt to deliberately beach the ship for repairs. Stores were unloaded, but by 25 August it was clear that the keel was broken and the advancing ice forced them to abort further efforts. Most of the stores were left on the beach and the crew taken on board the Hecla which reached England in October 1825. Parry thought he could see open water south of the wreck site. He published an account of this voyage in 1826.

The wreck site, Fury Beach, near {{coord|72|30|N|92|30|W|name=Fury Beach}} where the coast turns west became an important landmark. Sir John Ross reached it in 1829. He found the hulk gone and many stores, Fury{{'}}s boats and anchors piled on the beach. When his ship was frozen in further south he depended on those stores before being rescued. In 1850, Charles Codrington Forsyth reached it but was blocked by ice.

= Farthest North record =

In the following year Parry obtained the sanction of the Admiralty for an attempt on the North Pole from the northern shores of Spitsbergen at Sjuøyane. On {{nowr|23 October 1826}}, Parry married Isabella Louisa Stanley, daughter of John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley, before undertaking the expedition.

In 1827, he reached 82°45′N,{{sfn|Berton|1988}} which remained the highest latitude attained for the next 49 years. He published an account of this journey under the title of Narrative of the Attempt to reach the North Pole, &c..

Later career

File:The Officers Monument, Greenwich Hospital Cemetery.jpg in east London]]

In April 1829 he was knighted. Parry served as Commissioner of the Australian Agricultural Company based at Tahlee on the northern shore of Port Stephens, New South Wales, from {{nowr|1829 to 1834}}.{{Citation|last=Parry|first=Ann|title=Parry, Sir William Edward (1790–1855)|url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parry-sir-william-edward-2539|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|place=Canberra|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=2021-08-21}}

Parry was subsequently selected for the post of comptroller of the newly created department of steam machinery of the Navy, and held this office until his retirement from active service in 1846, when he was appointed captain-superintendent of Haslar Hospital. He reorganised the packet service, which had been transferred from the Post Office to the Admiralty in January 1837. Steamship companies were contracted to carry the mail, instead of naval vessels, on a regular schedule.{{sfn|Laughton|2004}}

He attained the rank of rear-admiral in 1852, and in the following year became a governor of Greenwich Hospital, and retained this post until his death.

He died after a long illness at Bad Ems in Germany on {{nowr|8 July 1855}}, but his body was returned to London for burial. He is buried in Greenwich Hospital Cemetery. The cemetery is now largely cleared to create a pocket park but he is named on the west face of the Officers Monument in the centre of the area.

Legacy

Parry's character was influenced by his religiousness, and besides the journals of his different voyages he also wrote a Lecture to Seamen, and Thoughts on the Parental Character of God (1878, co-author). He was noted as "an evangelical [Christian] and an ardent advocate of moral reform in the navy."{{sfn|Miller|2007}}{{sfn|Parry|1857}}

Parry also pioneered the use of canning techniques for food preservation on his Arctic voyages. However, his techniques were not infallible: in 1939 viable spores of certain heat-resistant bacteria were found in canned roast veal that had travelled with Parry to the Arctic Circle in 1824.

The crater Parry on the Moon was named after him, as were Parry County, New South Wales, Parry Sound, Ontario, and the optical phenomenon Parry arc, documented by him during the 1819–1821 expedition.

In 1930, a large sandstone rock at Winter Harbour on Melville Island marking Parry's 1819 wintering site, approximately {{convert|5.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} and {{convert|3|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}}, was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.{{CRHP|11660|Parry's Rock Wintering Site|22 October 2013}}

Parry Street in Cooks Hill is named after him due to his work at the A A Company.{{Cite web|last=SCANLON|first=MIKE|date=2015-01-16|title=A hill's past unearthed|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2819875/a-hills-past-unearthed/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Newcastle Herald|language=en}}

Contributions to botany

Parry was cited as the author of some plant species of Greenland in the following documents:{{sfn|Harvard University Herbarium}}

Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the years 1819–'20, in His Majecty's Ships Hecla and Griper ... with an Appendix Containing the Scientific and Other Observations... London (1821)
[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008589891 Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1821-22-23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain William Edward Parry...] London (1824){{cite journal|title=Review of Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed in the Years 1821–22–23, in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the Orders of Captain W. E. Parry. 1824|journal=The Quarterly Review|date=October 1823|volume=30|pages=231–272|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00153858c;view=1up;seq=241}}
Supplement to the Appendix of Captain Parry's First Voyage (1824)
Appendix to Captain Parry's Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Performed in His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla in the Years 1821–22–23 ... London (1825)
Journal of a Third Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; Performed in the Years 1824-25 in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Fury, Under the Orders of Captain William Edward Parry... London (1826)

Notes

References

{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=4294972811 |title=Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007|page=273 |publisher=The Royal Society |access-date=21 November 2010 |location=London |ref={{harvid|The Royal Society}}}}
{{cite web |url=http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=612 |title=Author details for Parry, William Edward |work=Index of Botanists |publisher=Harvard University Herbarium |access-date=1 February 2013 |ref={{harvid|Harvard University Herbarium}}}}
Glyn Williams, "Arctic Labyrinth", 2009
Anthony Brandt, "The Man Who Ate His Boots",2010
{{cite book |last=Berton |first=Pierre |title=The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 |edition=1 |year=1988 |publisher=Random House of Canada |location=Toronto |isbn=1-58574-116-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/arcticgrailquest00bert_0/page/100 100] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/arcticgrailquest00bert_0/page/100 }}
{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Amy |title=Dressed to Kill: British Naval Uniform, Masculinity and Contemporary Fashions 1748–1857 |publisher=National Maritime Museum |year=2007 |page=76}}
{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Rev. Edward (son of Sir William Parry) |title=Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. E. Parry |edition=3 |year=1857 |orig-year=1857 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |location=London }}
{{cite web |url= http://www.wga.hu/html/f/friedric/3/309fried.html |title= Fredreich, Caspar David |publisher=Web Gallery of Art |access-date=23 April 2007 | ref={{harvid|Fredreich|1824}}}}
{{cite ODNB |last=Laughton |first=J. K. |title=Parry, Sir (William) Edward (1790–1855), Rev. A. K. Parry |year=2004 |edition=online 2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/21443 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21443 |access-date=31 October 2007}}
Parry, Edward. Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry, Kt., Late Lieut.-Governor of Greenwich Hospital. New York: Protestant Episcopal Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge, 1858. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bF0mAAAAMAAJ&q=Sir+William+Edward+Parry&pg=PA181 Google Books] Retrieved 27 September 2008
Lyon, G. F. A Brief Narrative of an Unsuccessful Attempt to Reach Repulse Bay, Through Sir Thomas Rowe's "Welcome," in His Majesty's Ship Griper, in the Year MDCCCXXIV. London: J. Murray, 1825. [https://archive.org/details/abriefnarrative01lyongoog Internet Archive] Retrieved 27 September 2008
Coleman, E. C. The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration: From Frobisher to Ross. Revealing history. Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7524-3660-0}}
{{EB1911|wstitle = Parry, Sir William Edward|volume=20}}