:Zongora
The zongora is an instrument typical of Maramureș, a region of Romania.{{r|Rice Porter Goertzen 2017 p. 1465}}{{r|Fallon 1999 p. 677}} It is similar to a guitar, but has fewer strings.{{r|Giurchescu Bloland 1995 p. 153}} In the past it had two or three strings, but nowadays it has four or even five{{r|Cooper 1996 p. 59}}. It also has a special kind of tuning, as it is tuned by ear. When played, the instrument is usually held vertically. The string layout is compressed to the central inch of the fingerboard to allow rapid rhythmical strumming.{{r|Burrows 2002 p. 85}} Recent musicians make more harmonic changes than in the past, but still use only major chords.{{r|Broughton Ellingham Trillo 1999 p. 241}}
The word zongora is also Hungarian for piano.{{r|Kenesei Vago Fenyvesi 2002 p. 198}}
References
{{reflist|refs=
| last1 = Broughton
| first1 = S.
| last2 = Ellingham
| first2 = M.
| last3 = Trillo
| first3 = R.
| title = World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
| publisher = Rough Guides
| series = Music reference series
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-1-85828-635-8
| url = https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo
| url-access = registration
| access-date = February 7, 2018
| page = [https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/241 241]
| quote = The instrumental group is a trio of violin (locally called cetera), guitar (zongora – with only four or five strings tuned to a major triad) and drum (daha — usually an old military style drum with a little cymbal on top struck with a screwdriver). The music has a fairly primitive sound, lacking the beguiling harmonies of elsewhere in Transylvania, and with a repeated chord on the zongora played as a drone. Hundreds of years ago all the music of Europe probably sounded something like this.
}}
| last = Burrows
| first = T.
| title = The Complete Book of the Guitar: The Definitive Guide to the World's Most Popular Instrument
| publisher = Carlton
| year = 2002
| isbn = 978-1-84222-321-5
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=krtWAAAAYAAJ
| access-date = February 7, 2018
| page = 85
| quote = The Zongora This is a guitar from Northern Transylvania in Romania, used in a very unconventional way, which was mentioned by classical composer Bela Bartok in his research into folk music. It is used ...
}}
| last = Cooper
| first = D.
| title = Bartok: Concerto for Orchestra
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| series = Cambridge Music Handbooks
| year = 1996
| isbn = 978-0-521-48505-0
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YfWK2OMiDB4C&pg=PA59
| language = is
| access-date = February 7, 2018
| page = 59
| quote = ... which was not collected by Bartok, but was taken from a disk of popular Romanian music given to him by Constantin Brailoiu. As was stated in the second chapter, it was not Bartok's practice to make use of actual folk material in his major works, preferring to create synthetic folk-inspired melodies. Bartok's orchestra attempts to imitate the sounds and instruments of a Romanian gypsy band (taraf), whose members are solo fiddle (primas), a kind of two-string guitar (zongora or cobza) ...
}}
| last = Fallon
| first = Steve
| title = Eastern Europe
| publisher = Lonely Planet
| series = LONELY PLANET EASTERN EUROPE
| year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-86442-611-6
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xkxzZqF6JCUC
| access-date = February 7, 2018
| page = 677
| quote = The hora dancers stamp their feet, swing their upper body, and clap vigorously to the rhythm of a purituri, a chanted rhyme drummed out by three musicians on a traditional zongora(viola tuned in the key of A minus the C#), a cetera (shrill violin), and a doba (bongo made from fir or ...
}}
| last1 = Giurchescu
| first1 = A.
| last2 = Bloland
| first2 = S.
| title = Romanian Traditional Dance: A Contextual and Structural Approach
| publisher = Wild Flower Press
| series = American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences: American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences
| year = 1995
| isbn = 978-0-912131-16-0
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j9HfAAAAMAAJ
| access-date = February 7, 2018
| page = 15
| quote = ... In Maramures musical accompaniment is provided by a violin and zongora, a local guitar-like instrument with two or three strings. Sometimes a cello or contrabass is included; these can double as percussion instruments by striking the strings with a small stick. A bass drum may also be used in place of the ...
}}
| last1 = Kenesei
| first1 = I.
| last2 = Vago
| first2 = R.M.
| last3 = Fenyvesi
| first3 = A.
| title = Hungarian
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| series = Descriptive Grammars
| year = 2002
| isbn = 978-1-134-97646-1
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0wObPFCi2zYC&pg=PA198
| language = id
| access-date = February 7, 2018
| page = 198
}}
| last1 = Rice
| first1 = T.
| last2 = Porter
| first2 = J.
| last3 = Goertzen
| first3 = C.
| title = The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Europe
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| year = 2017
| isbn = 978-1-351-54426-9
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1465
| access-date = February 7, 2018
| page = 1465
| quote = For example, the cobza, the chitara (guitar), and the zongora (the guitar of Maramures) play simple harmonic forms.
}}
}}
Further reading
- {{cite book
| last = Miller
| first = M.
| title = Instrumental Music in Maramures, Romania: The Zongora and Violin
| year = 1986
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PTN_uAAACAAJ
}}
External links
- [https://eliznik.org.uk/traditions-in-romania/traditional-music/plucked-strings/ Plucked strings], Traditional music in Romania, The Eliznik Romania pages. Accessed January 2022.
Category:Romanian musical instruments
Category:Moldovan musical instruments
Category:Romanian words and phrases
Category:Hungarian words and phrases
{{Romania-hist-stub}}
{{Hungary-hist-stub}}
{{Composite-instrument-stub}}