:en:Bedel Pass
{{Short description|Mountain pass between Kyrgyzstan and China}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Bedel Pass
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation = {{convert|4284|m|ft}}
| traversed =
| location = Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang, China
| range = Tian Shan Mountains
| map = China Xinjiang Southern# Kyrgyzstan
| label_position = bottom
| coordinates = {{coord|type:pass|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| embedded = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=7 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
{{chinese|s=别迭里山口|t=別迭里山口|p=Biédiéli shānkǒu|l=Bedel pass|s2=勃达岭|t2=勃達嶺|p2=Bódá lǐng|l2=Bedel ridge|s3=拨达岭|t3=撥達嶺|p3=Bádá lǐng|l3=Bedel ridge}}
Bedel Pass (Kyrgyz: {{lang|ky|Бедел ашуусу}}, {{lang|ky-Arab|بەدەل اشۇۇسۇ}}; Uyghur: {{lang|ug|بەدەل ئېغىزى}}; {{zh|c=别迭里山口}}) is a mountain pass in the Tian Shan Mountains range between Kyrgyzstan and China's Xinjiang. It has an elevation of {{convert|4284|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{cite wikisource |title=中华人民共和国和吉尔吉斯共和国关于中吉国界的协定 |trans-title=China-Kyrgyzstan Border Agreement |wslanguage=zh |quote=别迭里山口（原苏联地图为4284.0米别迭里山口） |date=1996-07-04}}
The pass linked China to Barskon, a settlement on the southern shore of lake Issyk-kul.
History
Historically, the Bedel Pass served as a Silk Road trade route between China and Central Asia. On the Chinese side, the Bedel Beacon Tower ({{lang|zh-hant|別迭里烽燧}}) is located on the foothills along the path. It was built during the Han dynasty as part of the Han Great Wall. The beacon was reused and renovated during the Tang dynasty.{{Cite episode
| title = 别迭里烽燧：古丝绸之路上的驿站
| trans-title = Bedel Beacon: A relay on the ancient Silk Road
| episode-link =
| url = http://tv.cctv.com/2016/07/21/VIDEFHOjftSCcnkGBswrdxwN160721.shtml
| access-date = 2017-02-01
| series = 远方的家
| series-link = Yuanfang De Jia
| first =
| last =
| network = China Central Television
| station =
| date = 2016-07-21
| season = 长城内外
| series-no =
| number = 194
| minutes =
| time =
| transcript =
| transcript-url =
| quote =
| language = zh
}} During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the pass was the main trade route linking Tarim Basin and Western Turks in Central Asia.
A number of scholars argue that Chinese explorer Xuanzang who inspired the Chinese classic Journey to the West used this pass in the 7th century on his journey to India.{{cite book
|last=Wang
|first=Zhihong
|date=2006
|title=Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8rLUbuZLiaIC&q=Bedel%20Pass&pg=PA80
|publisher=Rhythms Monthly
|page=80
|isbn=9789868141988
|quote=He then traveled southwest via the Bedel Pass, 4,284 meters above sea level. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, this was the main mountain pass linking Western Turks and the kingdoms located in the Tarim Basin.}}{{cite book|author1=E.J. van Donzel|author2=Andrea Schmidt|title=Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xqwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|date=17 May 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2762-9|pages=248–249|quote=Xuanzang could have attacked the mountain ... where the road to Kuldja leads to the 'Muzart Art' or Icy Pass ... Chavannes and Smith, however, are of the opinion that Xuanzang took the Bedel Pass.}} The name Xuanzang used for the passage was "{{lang|zh|凌山}}", it was said to be northwest of "Kingdom of Baluka",{{cite wikisource |work=Great Tang Records on the Western Regions |author=Xuanzang |authorlink=Xuanzang |wslanguage=zh |wslink=大唐西域記/01#跋禄迦國 | volume=1 | title = 跋禄迦國 | trans-title = Kingdom of Baluka }} modern day city of Aksu.{{Cite book
| title = Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu
| author = John E. Hill
| section = Section 20 – The Kingdom of Suoche 莎車 (Yarkand).
| publisher = Washington University
| edition = 2nd
| date = July 2003
| access-date = 3 February 2020
| url = https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html
| section-url = https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes20.html
| language =
| quote = Neolithic artefacts from 5000 BC have been discovered in the Aksu area. By the first century BC news had reached the Chinese imperial court of the Kingdom of Baluka, one of the 36 kingdoms of the Western Regions.
}} However, others argue that was Muzart Pass.
The pass was surveyed in 1881 by both Chinese and Russian counterparts as part of Protocol of Chuguchak of 1864 demarcating the border in the region between the Russian Empire and the Qing dynasty.{{Cite web
| title = The Lost Frontier – Treaty Maps that Changed Qing's Northwestern Boundaries_Demarcating and Signposting
| author =
| work = National Palace Museum
| date =
| accessdate = 2017-02-01
| url = https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh98/frontier/en3.html
| language =
| quote = ...a joint survey of the borders from Bedel daban to Uz-bel.
}} During the Urkun incident of 1916, over 100,000 Kyrgyz reportedly died fleeing from Tsarist forces they attempted to reach China through the Bedel Pass.{{cite news
|first = Bruce | last = Pannier
|url = http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/8/3EF70D4C-4B9C-4882-9391-2A878BD691D1.html
|title = Kyrgyzstan: Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Tragedy Commemorated
|publisher = RFE/RL
|date = 2006-08-02
|accessdate = 2006-08-02
}}
The pass is currently closed to traffic.{{Cite web
| title = Barskoon
| author =
| work = visitkarakol.com
| date =
| accessdate = 2017-02-01
| url = http://visitkarakol.com/barskoon_gorge
| quote = ...passing over the Bedel Pass (4,284 m) into China (the section from Kara-Say to Bedel Pass is now closed).
}} Kumtor Gold Mine is located down the road on the Kyrgyz side.{{Cite web
| title = Bedel Pass
| author =
| work = dangerousroads.org
| date =
| accessdate = 2017-02-01
| url = http://www.dangerousroads.org/asia/kyrgyzstan/4670-bedel-pass.html
| quote = It is now the main road leading to the Kumtor Gold mine
}} Along the path on the Chinese side is also the ruins of a KMT era sentry post which is a local cultural heritage site.{{Cite web
| title = 大美新疆之旅游篇—克孜勒苏
| author = Urumqi Tourism Bureau
| website = urumqitour.gov.cn
| date = 2014-09-18
| accessdate = 2017-02-03
| url = http://www.urumqitour.gov.cn/News_details.php?id=BGkDNAU4Dzk=
| language = zh
| quote = 别迭里古道旁的依不拉音古堡
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Cite AV media
| title = 依不拉依木二道卡子
| author =
| type = photograph
| website = Silk Road GIS (silkroad.fudan.edu.cn)
| date =
| publisher = Fudan University
| accessdate = 2017-02-03
| url = http://silkroad.fudan.edu.cn/PIC/依不拉依木二道卡子.JPG
| language = zh
| quote = 县级重点文物保护单位 依不拉伊木二道卡子 乌什县人民政府二〇一〇年六月三日公布 乌什县人民政府二〇一二年五月三十日立
}}
Historical maps
Historical maps of the region including Bedel Pass:
File:A-k`o-su NK-44 (1950) - panoramio.jpg|Map including Bedel Pass (labeled as Pereval Bedel'{{GEOnet2|32FA88128ED63774E0440003BA962ED3|Pereval Bedel’ (Approved - N)}}, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency)
File:Operational Navigation Chart F-6, 6th edition.jpg|
File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566 f-6c.jpg|
See also
References
{{reflist}}
{{Xinjiang topics}}
{{Mountain passes of China}}
Category:Mountain passes of China
Category:Mountain passes of Xinjiang
Category:Mountain passes of Kyrgyzstan
Category:China–Kyrgyzstan border crossings
Category:Sites along the Silk Road
{{Kyrgyzstan-geo-stub}}
{{Xinjiang-geo-stub}}