:off-Broadway

The term originally referred to any venue, and its productions, on a street intersecting Broadway in Midtown Manhattan's Theater District, the hub of the American theatre industry. It later became defined by the League of Off-Broadway Theatres and Producers as a professional venue in Manhattan with a seating capacity of at least 100, but not more than 499, or a production that appears in such a venue and adheres to related trade union and other contracts.

Previously, regardless of the size of the venue, a theatre was considered a Broadway (rather than off-Broadway) house if it was within the "Broadway Box", extending from 40th Street north to 54th Street and from Sixth Avenue west to Eighth Avenue, including Times Square and West 42nd Street. This change to the contractual definition of "off-Broadway" benefited theatres satisfying the 499-seat criterion because of the lower minimum required salary for Actors' Equity performers at off-Broadway theatres as compared with the salary requirements of the union for Broadway theatres.{{cite journal |title=How to Tell Broadway from Off-Broadway from ... |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/how-to-tell-broadway-from-off-broadway-from-com-110450| journal=Playbill |access-date=January 28, 2017 |date=January 4, 1998 |quote=No matter what else you may have heard, the distinction is mainly one of contracts. There are so many theatres of so many different sizes served by so many different unions in New York that this three-tiered Broadway/Off-Broadway/Off-Off-Broadway system evolved to determine who would get paid what. ... Most "Broadway" theatres are not on Broadway, the street. A few theatres on Broadway, the street, are considered "Off-Broadway."}} The adoption of the 499-seat criterion occurred after a one-day strike in January 1974.{{cite web| url=http://www.actorsequity.org/AboutEquity/timeline/timeline_1970.html |title= Actors' Equity 1970's Timeline |website=Actors' Equity Association |access-date=January 27, 2017}} Examples of off-Broadway theatres within the Broadway Box are the Laura Pels Theatre and The Theater Center.

The off-Broadway movement started in the 1950s as a reaction to the perceived commercialism of Broadway and provided less expensive venues for shows that have employed many future Broadway artists. An early success was Circle in the Square Theatre's 1952 production of Summer and Smoke by Tennessee Williams.[http://archives.nypl.org/the/21843#access_use "Circle in the Square papers"]. New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. accessed December 18, 2018 According to theatre historians Ken Bloom and Frank Vlastnik, off-Broadway offered a new outlet for "poets, playwrights, actors, songwriters, and designers. ... The first great Off-Broadway musical was the 1954 revival" of The Threepenny Opera, which proved that off-Broadway productions could be financially successful.{{cite book| last1=Bloom| first1=Ken| author2=Frank Vlastnik| chapter=Off Broadway, Part 1| title=Broadway Musicals: The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/broadwaymusicals0000bloo_e1y1/page/94/mode/2up?q=%22off-broadway%22| publisher=Black Dog Publishing| location=New York| year=2004| isbn=978-1-5791-2390-1| page=94| access-date=2024-05-12}} Critic John Gassner argued at the time, however, that "Broadway is just as eclectic – and just as footless – as 'Off-Broadway'."{{Cite journal |last=Gassner |first=John |date=1954 |title=Broadway in Review |journal=Educational Theatre Journal |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=333|doi=10.2307/3203511 |jstor=3203511 }} Theatre Row, on West 42nd Street between 9th and 10th Avenues in Manhattan, is a concentration of off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway theatres. It was developed in the mid-1970s and modernized in 2002.McKinley, Jesse. [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/21/theater/upscale-march-of-theater-row-a-centerpiece-of-redevelopment.html "Upscale March of Theatre Row; A Centerpiece of Redevelopment"]. The New York Times. November 21, 2002. Accessed March 2, 2017.

Many off-Broadway shows have had subsequent runs on Broadway, including such musicals as Hair, Godspell, Little Shop of Horrors, Sunday in the Park with George, Rent, Grey Gardens, Urinetown, Avenue Q, The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, Rock of Ages, In the Heights, Spring Awakening, Next to Normal, Hedwig and the Angry Inch, Fun Home, Hamilton, Dear Evan Hansen, Hadestown, and Kimberly Akimbo.{{cite web|url=http://offbroadway.com/about.php|title=Off Broadway Theatre Information|access-date=January 27, 2017|website=League of Off-Broadway Theatres and Producers}} In particular, two that became Broadway hits, Grease and A Chorus Line, encouraged other producers to premiere their shows off-Broadway. Plays that have moved from off-Broadway houses to Broadway include Doubt, I Am My Own Wife, Bridge & Tunnel, The Normal Heart, and Coastal Disturbances. Other productions, such as Stomp, Blue Man Group, Altar Boyz, Perfect Crime, Forbidden Broadway, Nunsense, Naked Boys Singing, Bat Boy: The Musical, and I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change have had runs of many years off-Broadway, never moving to Broadway. The Fantasticks, the longest-running musical in theatre history, spent its original 42-year run off-Broadway from 1960 to 2002 and had another off-Broadway run from 2006 to 2017.Lefkowitz, David (January 13, 2002). [http://www.playbill.com/article/the-fantasticks-bids-farewell-jan-13-after-42-years-on-sullivan-street-com-103329 "The Fantasticks Bids Farewell, Jan. 13, After 42 Years on Sullivan Street"]. Playbill. Accessed January 28, 2017; and Gordon, David (September 9, 2016). [http://www.theatermania.com/california-theater/news/interview-tom-jones-the-fantasticks_78283.html "After 56 Years, Tom Jones Isn't Finished With The Fantasticks"]. TheaterMania.com.

Off-Broadway shows, performers, and creative staff are eligible for the following awards: the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award, the Drama Desk Award, the Obie Award (presented since 1956 by The Village Voice), the Lucille Lortel Award (created in 1985 by the League of Off-Broadway Theatres & Producers), and the Drama League Award. Although off-Broadway shows are not eligible for Tony Awards, an exception was made in 1956 (before the rules were changed), when Lotte Lenya won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for the off-Broadway production of The Threepenny Opera.{{cite web| title=FAQ: Who Is Lotte Lenya| url=https://www.kwf.org/lotte-lenya-competition/contestant-resources/faq/| website=Kurt Weill Foundation for Music| access-date=2024-05-12}}

Capacity is based on the capacity given for the respective theatre at the Internet Off-Broadway Database.

• Little Theatre Movement
• Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain
• Off-off-Broadway

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.iobdb.com Internet Off-Broadway Database]
• [https://www.offbroadway.com/ Off-Broadway League]

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Category:Broadway theatre

Category:Culture of New York City

Category:Theatre in the United States