:w:Conopholis americana

{{Speciesbox

|image = Conopholis americana - Bear Corn.jpg

|image_caption =

|status = G5

|status_system = TNC

|status_ref =

|genus = Conopholis

|species = americana

|authority = (L.) Wallr.{{cite web

| url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COAM

| title = PLANTS Profile, Conopholis americana

| accessdate = 2008-04-13

| author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

| authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service

| work = The PLANTS Database

| publisher = United States Department of Agriculture

}}

|range_map = Range of Conopholis americana-Native.svg

|range_map_caption = Range of Conopholis americana

|synonyms = Orobanche americana L.{{GRIN | accessdate = 2008-04-13 }}

}}

Conopholis americana, the American cancer-root, bumeh or bear corn, is a perennial,{{cite web

| url = http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/delaware/ilpin/839.co

| title = ILPIN INFORMATION ON Conopholis americana

| accessdate = 2008-04-13

| author = David Ketzner and Jeanne Karnes

| authorlink = United States Forest Service

| work = ILLINOIS PLANT INFORMATION NETWORK

| publisher = United States Forest Service

}} non-photosynthesizing (or "achlorophyllous") parasitic plant. It is from the family Orobanchaceae and more recently from the genus Conopholis but also listed as Orobanche, native but not endemic to North America. When blooming, it resembles a pine cone or cob of corn growing from the roots of mostly oak and beech trees.{{cite journal|url=http://www.pawildflower.org/01_articles/Notes_2005_Q4.pdf |title=Beech Drops |accessdate=2008-04-10 |last=Grafton |first=Emily |volume=8 |journal=PNPS Notes Quarter #4 |publisher=Pennsylvania Native Plant Society |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221164028/http://www.pawildflower.org/01_articles/Notes_2005_Q4.pdf |archivedate=February 21, 2007 }}{{cite web

|url=http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20050627.asp

|title=Plant of the Week

|accessdate=2008-04-10

|author=C. Vandaveer

|date=2005-06-27

|url-status=dead

|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024232232/http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20050627.asp

|archivedate=2007-10-24

}}

Description

Conopholis americana is parasitic on the roots of woody plants, especially oaks (genus Quercus) and beech (genus Fagus). The only part of the plant generally seen is the cone-shaped inflorescence, which appears above ground in spring.{{cite web

| url = http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/conopholisamer.html

| title = Squawroot Conopholis americana

| accessdate = 2008-04-13

| date = 2008-03-07

| work = Connecticut Wildflowers

| publisher = Connecticut Botanical Society

}} The entire structure is a yellowish color, turning to brown. It achieves heights of {{convert|10|cm|in|sigfig=1|sp=us}} to {{convert|20|cm|in|sigfig=1|sp=us}} tall.{{cite web |first1=John |last1=Hilty |title=Cancer Root (Conopholis americana) |url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/cancer_root.htm |website=Illinois Wildflowers }}

=Stems and leaves=

The plant has stout and unbranched {{convert|1.3|cm|in|sp=us|sigfig=1}} to {{convert|2.5|cm|in|sigfig=1|sp=us}} thick stems.{{cite web

| url = http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=CONAME

| title = Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr.

| accessdate = 2008-04-13

| author = University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point

| authorlink = University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point

| publisher = Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724092243/http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=CONAME

| archive-date = 2011-07-24

| url-status = dead

}}

Since C. americana does not photosynthesize it also does not have true leaves; it has instead simple, ovate, tiny scales {{convert|1.3|cm|in|sp=us|sigfig=1}} long and brown, which appear at the base of each flower.

=Flowers=

Conopholis americana produces spikes of yellow to cream flowers densely crowded all around the stem. Each flower is 5-parted, {{convert|8|mm|in|sp=us|sigfig=1}} to {{convert|13|mm|in|sp=us|sigfig=1}} long, tubular with a swollen base and facing downwards. As the flowering spike matures it begins to wither and becomes brown throughout the summer and often persisting through the winter, by which time it has become shriveled and black. There is no noticeable floral scent.

=Fruits and reproduction=

Each flower is replaced by a seed capsule that is longer than it is wide and contains many small seeds. This plant spreads to new locations by reseeding itself.

=Roots=

The root system is parasitic on the roots of oak trees (Quercus spp.); dependent on the host tree for its nourishment, the suckers of the parasitic roots cause the formation of large rounded knobs on the roots of the host tree.

Distribution

The plant is found growing on roots in wooded ravines in every state of the United States east of the Mississippi River. While widely distributed, it is uncommon.

Native:

:Nearctic:

::Northern America:

:::Eastern Canada: Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec

:::Northeastern U.S.A.: Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia