Étienne or Estienne de La Boétie ({{IPA|fr|etjɛn də la bɔesi|lang|Fr-Étienne de la Boétie.oga}}{{small|, also }}{{IPA|fr|bwati|}}{{small| or }}{{IPA|fr|bɔeti|}};Paul Bonnefon (1892). Œuvres complètes d'Estienne de La Boétie (Bordeaux: C. Gounouilhou, and Paris: J. Rouam et Cie.), pp. 385–386 (available online in pdf format at Gallica). {{langx|oc|Esteve de La Boetiá}}; 1 November 1530 – 18 August 1563) was a French magistrate, classicist, writer, poet and political theorist, best remembered for his friendship with essayist Michel de Montaigne.{{cite journal|last=Keohane|first=Nannerl O.|title=The Radical Humanism of Étienne De La Boétie|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=38|number=1|year=1977|pages=119–130|doi=10.2307/2708844|jstor=2708844}}{{cite journal|last=Kurz|first=Harry|title=Montaigne and La Boétie in the Chapter on Friendship|journal=PMLA|volume=65|number=4|year=1950|pages=483–530|doi=10.2307/459652|jstor=459652|s2cid=163176803 }} His early political treatise Discourse on Voluntary Servitude was posthumously adopted by the Huguenot movement and is sometimes seen as an early influence on modern anti-statist, utopian and civil disobedience thought.{{cite journal|last=Mazzocchi|first=Paul|title=Desire, Friendship, and the Politics of Refusal: The Utopian Afterlives of La Boétie's Discourse on Voluntary Servitude|journal=Utopian Studies|volume=29|number=2|year=2018|pages=248–266|doi=10.5325/utopianstudies.29.2.0248|jstor=10.5325/utopianstudies.29.2.0248|s2cid=149508037}}

Life

La Boétie was born in Sarlat, in the Périgord region of southwest France, in 1530 to an aristocratic family. His father was a royal official of the Périgord region and his mother was the sister of the president of the Bordeaux Parliament (assembly of lawyers). Orphaned at an early age, he was brought up by his uncle and namesake, the curate of Bouilbonnas, and received his law degree from the University of Orléans in 1553. His great and precocious ability earned La Boétie a royal appointment to the Bordeaux Parliament the following year, despite his being under the minimum age. There he pursued a distinguished career as judge and diplomatic negotiator until his untimely death from illness in 1563 at the age of thirty-two. La Boétie was also a distinguished poet and humanist, translating Xenophon and Plutarch, and being closely connected with the leading young Pleiade group of poets, including Pierre de Ronsard, Jean Daurat and Jean-Antoine de Baïf.Murray Rothbard. [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard78.html "Ending Tyranny Without Violence"]. La Boétie was favorable to the conciliation of Catholicism and Protestantism; "warned of the dangerous and divisive consequences of permitting two religions, which could lead to two opposed states in the same country. The most he would have allowed the Protestants was the right to worship in private, and he pointed out their own intolerance of Catholics. His policy for religious peace was one of conciliation and concord through reforms in the church that would eventually persuade the Protestants to reunite with Catholicism".{{Cite book|title=How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West.|last=Zagorin, Perez.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1306142809|oclc=863671693}} He served with Montaigne in the Bordeaux parlement and is immortalized in Montaigne's essay on friendship. Some historians{{Cite book|last1=Aldrich|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giM73n_lca4C&q=Michel+Eyquem+de+Montaigne+on+friendship+gay&pg=PA316|title=Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II|last2=Wotherspoon|first2=Garry|date=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0415159821|language=en}} have questioned whether the two were lovers or not, but each played influential roles in each other's lives regardless.

Writings

La Boétie's writings include a few sonnets, translations from the classics and an essay attacking absolute monarchy and tyranny in general, Discours de la servitude volontaire ou le Contr'un (Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, or the Anti-Dictator). The essay asserts that tyrants have power because the people give it to them. Liberty has been abandoned once by society, which afterward stayed corrupted and prefers the slavery of the courtesan to the freedom of one who refuses to dominate as he refuses to obey. Thus, La Boétie linked obedience and domination, a relationship which would be later theorised by latter anarchist thinkers. By advocating a solution of simply refusing to support the tyrant, he became one of the earliest advocates of civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance. Murray N. Rothbard summarizes La Boétie's political philosophy as follows:

To him, the great mystery of politics was obedience to rulers. Why in the world do people agree to be looted and otherwise oppressed by government overlords? It is not just fear, Boetie explains in the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, for our consent is required. And that consent can be non-violently withdrawn.

It was once thought following Montaigne's claims that La Boétie wrote the essay in 1549 at the age of eighteen, but recent authorities argue that it is "likely that the Discourse was written in 1552 or 1553, at the age of twenty-two, while La Boétie was at the university".Rockwell, Lew (11 February 2011), p. 38. n. 2. "Having remained long in manuscript, the actual date of writing the Discourse of Voluntary Servitude remains a matter of dispute. It seems clear, however, and has been so accepted by recent authorities, that Montaigne's published story that La Boétie wrote the Discourse at the age of eighteen or even of sixteen was incorrect. Montaigne's statement, as we shall see further below, was probably part of his later campaign to guard his dead friend's reputation by dissociating him from the revolutionary Huguenots who were claiming La Boétie's pamphlet for their own. Extreme youth tended to cast the Discourse in the light of a work so youthful that the radical content was hardly to be taken seriously as the views of the author. Internal evidence as well as the erudition expressed in the work make it likely that the Discourse was written in 1552 or 1553, at the age of twenty-two, while La Boétie was at the university." See Paul Bonnefon (1892), pp. 390–391; and Donald Frame, Montaigne: A Biography (New York: Harcourt Brace, & World, 1965), p. 71 (37–38 n. 2). Some Montaigne scholars have argued that the essay was in fact the work of Montaigne himself. The essay was circulated privately and not published until 1576 after La Boétie's death. He died in Germignan near Bordeaux in 1563. His last days are described in a long letter from Montaigne to his own father.

Influence

In the 20th century, many European anarchists began to cite La Boétie as an influence, including Gustav Landauer, Bart de Ligt and Simone Weil.Roland Bleiker (2000), Popular Dissent. Human Agency and Global Politics. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0521778298}} (pp. 86–87). Autonomist Marxist thinker John Holloway also cites him in his book Crack Capitalism in order to explain his idea of "breaking with capitalism".John Holloway. Crack Capitalism. Pluto Press (2010). p. 6. {{ISBN|0745330088|978-0745330082}}. Gene Sharp, the leading theorist of nonviolent struggle, cites his work frequently in both The Politics of Nonviolent Action and From Dictatorship to Democracy''.

Gallery

File:LaBoétie001.jpg|Discours de la servitude volontaire

File:La Boétie - Œuvres complètes Bonnefon 1892.djvu|Œuvres complètes (Complete Works), 1892

File:Sarlat - Maison de la Boétie - PA00082964 - 002.jpg|La Boétie's home at Sarlat

File:Sarlat-medieval-city-by-night-13.jpg|Birthplace of La Boétie

Bibliography

Œuvres complètes, Editions William Blake & Co., 1991. {{ISBN|2905810602}}.
Discours de la servitude volontaire, Editions Mille et une nuits, 1997. {{ISBN|2910233944}}.
Discours de la servitude volontaire, Editions Flammarion, 1993. {{ISBN|2080703943}}.
The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, translated by Harry Kurz and with an introduction by Murray Rothbard, Montrèal/New York/London: Black Rose Books, 1997. {{ISBN|1551640899}}.
The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, translated by Harry Kurz and with an introduction by Murray Rothbard, Free Life Editions, 1975. {{ISBN|091415611X}}.

References

External links

{{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|commons=Category:Étienne de La Boétie|n=no|v=no|q=Étienne de La Boétie|s=Author:Étienne de La Boétie}}

[https://mises.org/rothbard/boetie.pdf The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude], from The Ludwig von Mises Institute, Online Edition (PDF).
{{in lang|en}} [http://www.constitution.org/la_boetie/serv_vol.htm Discours de la servitude volontaire, translated and with an introduction about its reception].
{{in lang|fr}} [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_de_la_servitude_volontaire Text on Wikisource].
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226174256/http://poesie.webnet.fr/auteurs/laboetie.html Poetry (in French)].
{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.democratie.nu/downloads/de-vrijwillige-slavernij-def.pdf Vertoog over de Vrijwillige Slavernij (pdf)]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20100922124240/http://etiennedelaboetie.net/ Etiennedelaboetie.net] – website dedicated to the works and life of Etienne de La Boétie
{{in lang|en|de|fr}} [http://www.nonviolent-resistance.info/exhibitions/eng/boetie/index.htm Étienne de La Boétie: Against Voluntary Servitude – Discourse on the fall of tyrants] Online-Exhibition (2012).
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