ČSV

In the early 1970s, Sámi activists adopted ČSV as a watchword similar to how the American Indian Movement and the Black Panthers used the phrases "Red Power" and "Black Power" respectively.{{cite book |last=Minde |first=Henry |editor1-first=Svein |editor1-last=Jentoft |editor2-first=Henry |editor2-last=Minde |editor3-first=Ranger |editor3-last=Nilsen |title=Indigenous Peoples: Resource Management and Global Rights: 7th Circumpolar Universities Cooperation Conference |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jo6DEbLd8IC&pg=PA90 |access-date=5 April 2020 |year=2003 |publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. |location=Delf, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-5166-978-7 |page=90 |chapter=The Challenge of Indigenism |via=Google Books}} ČSV did not represent a group, but more of an idea that minority groups should take a more confrontational stance in demanding change.

{{ill|Johan Jernsletten|no}} is credited with coming up with the purposefully vague acronym during the protests in Máze, Norway in 1970, saying that it stood for {{lang|se|Čiegus Sámi Viehka}} (Secret Sámi Helper).{{cite book |last1=DuBois |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Cocq |first2=Coppélie |title=Sámi Media and Indigenous Agency in the Arctic North |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziLHDwAAQBAJ |access-date=5 April 2020 |year=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, Washington |isbn=978-0-295-74661-6 |via=Google Books}} Although the phrase originated among the Northern Sámi community in Finnmark, Norway, it soon spread across Sápmi and to other Sámi language groups.{{cite journal |title=ČSV – sámi nationalisttaid dahje sámenašuvnna doaimmalaččaid muitun |language=se |first=Johan Klemet Hætta |last=Kalstad |journal=Sámi Dieđalaš Áigečála |volume=2013 |issue=1 |pages=29–48 |url=http://site.uit.no/aigecala/sda-1-2013-johan-klemet-haetta-kalstad/ |access-date=April 5, 2020}}{{cite book |chapter=Decades of Change: Visual Arts in Finnmark, Norway in the 1970s and 1980s |last=Lundström |first=Jan-Erik |pages=93–113 |title=Northern Beauty: Barents Visual Arts in the 1970s and the 1980s |editor-last=Katajamäki |editor-first=Jonna |publisher=University of Lapland |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-484-744-5 |url=https://lauda.ulapland.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/61802/NorthernBeauty.pdf |access-date=25 May 2021 |location=Rovaniemi, Finland}}

In general, someone who works actively to support the Sámi community has been referred to a ČSV.{{cite news |title=Vi trenger nye ČSV-ere |language=no |trans-title=We need new ČSVs |date=5 January 2012 |last=Hætta |first=Mathis |work=NRK Sápmi |location=Kárášjohka, Norway |url=https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/_-vi-trenger-nye-_sv-ere-1.7942179|access-date=10 July 2020}} As an ethnocultural movement, ČSV has been associated with a certain style, including wearing gáktis, nutukas, tin-thread embroidery, and the Sami colors,{{cite thesis |type=MA |last=Hernes |first=Maria |date=2007 |title=Being Sami Enough: Increasing the Sami Stage of Performance |publisher=University of Oslo |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/57491/Being-Sami-Enough.pdf |access-date=28 April 2020}} as one of the goals of ČSV is to make Sámi culture and identity visible.{{cite journal |page=29 |title=Fragments of the future. Decolonization in Sami everyday life |last=Dankertsen |first=Astri |journal=Kult |issue=14 |publisher=Roskilde Universitet |year=2016 |url=https://nordopen.nord.no/nord-xmlui/handle/11250/2433519 |access-date=2023-01-15}}

While the origin of ČSV was political, it soon became a cultural identifier drawing the attention of authors and artists.{{cite web |url=http://www.keviselie-hansragnarmathisen.net/141466668 |access-date=April 5, 2020 |title=ČSV. Čájet Sámi Vuoiŋŋa! A look at one of the most important symbols of Sámi revitalization in the early 1970s. |last=Mathisen |first=Hans Ragnar}} In 1972, participants at a Sirma, Norway, cultural seminar to promote Sámi literature were tasked with writing what ČSV meant for them as part of an exercise to encourage Sámi to write about Sámi experiences.{{cite web |title=A brief history of Sámi literature |date=October 1, 2019 |first=Lill Tove |last=Frederiksen |url=https://nordics.info/en/show/artikel/a-brief-history-of-sami-literature/ |access-date=April 5, 2020 |publisher=nordics.info |location=Aarhus, Denmark}} The literary anthology {{lang|se|Čállagat}} launched out of this seminar, publishing 16 issues and featuring many first-time Sámi authors. A number of issues of {{lang|se|Čállagat}} featured poems with words containing the letters ČSV.{{cite book |title=A Writing Hand Reaches Further: "Čálli giehta ollá guhkás" — Recommendations for the improvement of the Sámi literary field |last=Domokos |first=Johanna |date=2018 |publisher=Culture for All Service |location=Helsinki, Finland |isbn=9789526677422}}

In 2013, Kildin Sámi photographer Sergey Gavrilov asked Sámi youth to repeat the ČSV exercise for an exhibition at the Sami Center for Contemporary Art in Kárášjohka, Norway.{{cite web |title= ČSV: A Few Thoughts |date=13 September 2013 |url=https://samidaiddaguovddas.no/en/sergey-gavrilov/ |access-date=April 5, 2020 |publisher=Sámi Dáiddaguovddás |location=Kárášjohka, Norway}} In 2014, the play {{lang|se|ČSV-Republihkka}} explored the idea of a unified, independent Sápmi and how different Sámi communities and languages might engage with one another and the world.{{cite magazine |title=ČSV Republihkain Sámis Johtit |language=se |trans-title=ČSV Republic Moves from Sápmi |last=Johansen |first=Siri Broch |date=August 2014 |magazine=Sámis |number=15 |issn=0809-7410 |location=Kárášjohka, Norway |pages=18–24 |url=http://www.samifaga.org/govat/doc/samis_15.pdf |access-date=19 July 2020}}

Expressing the meaning of ČSV for many is an exercise in creativity, demonstrating the adaptability of the Sámi people and languages. Common meanings include:{{cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Gabriel |title=Liberating Sápmi: Indigenous Resistance in Europe's Far North |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amHODwAAQBAJ |year=2020 |publisher=PM Press |location=Oakland, California |isbn=978-1-62963-779-2 |via=Google Books}}

• {{lang|se|Čájet Sámi Vuoiŋŋa!}} (Show Sámi Spirit!)
• {{lang|se|Čohkke Sámiid Vuitui!}} (Sámi Unite for Victory!)
• {{lang|se|Čállet Sámi Verddet!}} (Write, Sámi friends!)
• {{lang|se|Čielga Sámi Varra!}} (Clear Sámi Blood){{cite book |last1=Åhrén |first1=Christina |title=Är jag en riktig same? En etnologisk studie av unga samers identitetsarbete |date=2008 |publisher=Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper/Etnologi Umeå universitet |isbn=978-91-7264-692-6 |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:142493/FULLTEXT01.pdf |access-date=2024-06-08}}

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