Świdnica

File:Świdnica - Cathedral.jpg, listed as a Historic Monument of Poland]]

The city's name was first recorded as Svidnica in 1070, when it was part of Piast-ruled Poland. Świdnica became a town in 1250, although no founding document has survived that would confirm this fact. The town belonged at the time to the Duchy of Wrocław, a province of Poland. By 1290, Świdnica had city walls and six gates, crafts and trade were blossoming. At the end of the 13th century, there were guilds of bakers, weavers, potters, shoemakers, furriers and tailors in Świdnica.{{cite web|url=http://um.swidnica.pl/pages/pl/turystyka/historia-swidnicy.php|title=Historia Świdnicy|website=UM Świdnica|access-date=25 November 2019|language=pl}} The city was famous for its beer production. In the late 15th century, almost three hundred houses had the right to brew beer. In various cities of the region (Wrocław, Oleśnica, Brzeg) and Europe (Kraków, Toruń, Prague, Pisa) there were so-called "Świdnica Cellars" – restaurants serving beer from Świdnica.{{Cite book|last1=Czerwiński|first1=Janusz|last2=Chanas|first2=Ryszard|title=Dolny Śląsk – przewodnik|year=1977|publisher=Sport i Turystyka|location=Warszawa|language=pl|pages=178–186}} Wrocław's Piwnica Świdnicka exists to this day as the oldest restaurant in Poland and one of the oldest in Europe. There was also a mint in Świdnica. The Franciscans and Dominicans settled in the city in 1287 and 1291, respectively.{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Swidnica;3984475.html|title=Świdnica|website=Encyklopedia PWN|access-date=25 November 2019|language=pl}}

In 1291–1392 Świdnica was the capital of the Piast-ruled Duchy of Świdnica and Jawor. The last Polish Piast duke was Bolko II of Świdnica, and after his death in 1368 the duchy was held by his wife until 1392; after her death it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia by Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. By the end of the 14th century, Świdnica was already one of the largest cities in Silesia, with about 6,000 inhabitants.

In 1429 the city successfully defended itself against a Hussite attack. From about 1469 to 1490 it was under the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary and after that it was part of Jagiellonian-ruled Bohemia. In the 15th century, several mills operated in the city. Large cattle and hop markets took place there. In 1493, the town is recorded by Hartmann Schedel in his Nuremberg Chronicle as Schwednitz.See Die Schedelsche Weltchronik on German Wikisource.

In 1526 the city came under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy as part of the surrounding Duchy of Schweidnitz (Świdnica). In the 16th century it was one of the regional centers of Anabaptism. The city suffered greatly during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) as a result of sieges, fires and epidemics. Świdnica, under the Germanized name Schweidnitz, was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the First Silesian War (1740–42). The town was turned into a fortress, which it remained until 1866.

File:Karte von Schweidnitz (1778).tif

File:Wybicki-tablica.JPG, commemorating his stay in 1803]]

It was captured again by Austria in October 1761, during the Third Silesian War, or Seven Years' War, but Prussians retook it one year later. In 1803 the city was visited by Polish jurist, poet, political and military activist Józef Wybicki, best known as the author of the lyrics of the national anthem of Poland.{{cite web|url=https://swidnica24.pl/2017/07/220-lat-mazurka-dabrowskiego-jak-wlasciwie-spiewac-hymn-polski/|title=220 lat Mazurka Dąbrowskiego. Jak właściwie śpiewać Hymn Polski?|website=Swidnica24.pl|date=20 July 2017|access-date=1 November 2020|language=pl}} In 1807 the city was captured by French troops during the Napoleonic Wars. It became part of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany and stayed within Germany until the end of World War II. According to the Prussian census of 1905, the city of Schweidnitz had a population of 30,540 who were mostly Germans, but also included a Polish minority comprising around 3% of the population.{{Cite book|last=Belzyt|first=Leszek|url=https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?isbn|title=Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar|date=1998|publisher=Herder-Inst.|isbn=978-3-87969-267-5|location=Marburg}} The World War I flying ace Lothar von Richthofen was buried in Schweidnitz, until the city became owned by Poland after World War II in which the graveyard was leveled. During World War I, the Germans operated a POW camp for Allied officers and a forced labour camp for regular POWs in the town.{{cite journal|last=Kujat|first=Janusz Adam|year=2000|title=Pieniądz zastępczy w obozach jenieckich na terenie rejencji wrocławskiej w czasie I i II wojny światowej|journal=Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny|location=Opole|language=pl|volume=23|page=13|issn=0137-5199}}

A Nazi prison was located in the city under Nazi Germany,{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100001070|title=Gefängnis Schweidnitz|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=1 November 2020|language=de}} and during World War II, the Germans also established a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, three prisoner of war labor divisions of the Stalag VIII-A camp and a forced labour camp. Among the prisoners was Lesław Bartelski, Polish writer and resistance member, who fought in the Warsaw Uprising.{{cite journal|last=Sierotwiński|first=Stanisław|year=1966|title=Kronika życia literackiego w Polsce pod okupacją hitlerowską: próba przeglądu zdarzeń w układzie chronologicznym|journal=Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny|language=pl|publisher=Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Krakowie|issue=24|page=53}} In January 1945, a German-perpetrated death march of Allied POWs from the Stalag Luft 7 passed through the city.{{cite journal|last=Stanek|first=Piotr|year=2015|title=Stalag Luft 7 Bankau i jego ewakuacja na Zachód w styczniu 1945 r.|journal=Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny|location=Opole|language=pl|volume=38|page=66|issn=0137-5199}}

After the defeat of Germany in 1945, the town, like most of Silesia, became again part of Poland under border changes agreed at the Potsdam Conference. Those members of the German population who had not already fled or had been killed during the war were subsequently expelled to the remainder of Germany in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and the city was repopulated with Poles, many of whom had themselves been expelled from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Also Greeks, refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in Świdnica in the 1950s.{{cite book|last=Kubasiewicz|first=Izabela|editor-last1=Dworaczek|editor-first1=Kamil|editor-last2=Kamiński|editor-first2=Łukasz|year=2013|title=Letnia Szkoła Historii Najnowszej 2012. Referaty|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=117|chapter=Emigranci z Grecji w Polsce Ludowej. Wybrane aspekty z życia mniejszości}} From 1975 to 1998 it was administratively located in the former Wałbrzych Voivodeship.

In 2004, Świdnica became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Świdnica.

File:Swidnica - Kosciol Pokoju- wnetrze 03.jpg, a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]

The Gothic Cathedral of St. Stanislaus and St. Wenceslaus from the 14th century has the highest tower in Silesia, standing 103 meters tall; it hosts an image of "Our Lady Health of the Sick". It is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 marca 2017 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Świdnica - katedra pod wezwaniem św. Stanisława Biskupa i Męczennika i św. Wacława Męczennika"|year=2017|number=655}}

The Evangelical Church of Peace, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Historic Monument of Poland,{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 marca 2017 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Świdnica - zespół kościoła ewangelicko-augsburskiego pod wezwaniem Świętej Trójcy, zwany Kościołem Pokoju"|year=2017|number=672}} was built in 1656–57.

File:Swidnica Rynek fontanna 2.jpg

The 16th-century town hall has been renovated numerous times and combines Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque architectural elements. A museum is located in the town hall. The Baroque Church of St. Joseph and the Church of St. Christopher are from the same era. One remaining element of the former defensive works is the Chapel of St. Barbara.

Other notable destinations include the old town and the Stary Rynek square, Gola Dzierżoniowska Castle, Medieval town of Niemcza, Cistercian monastery at Henryków, where the oldest preserved manuscript in Polish was written, and the Wojsławice Arboretum.

File:Świdnica - panoramio (1).jpg

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from the Wałbrzych constituency.

Świdnica is home to a College of Data Communications Technology (Wyższa Szkoła Technologii Teleinformatycznych).

In 2003, Świdnica hosted a session of the Warsaw-based International Chapter of the Order of Smile, when a Child Friendship Centre was established. Świdnica was officially titled the "Capital of Children's Dreams".

• Polonia Świdnica – football club that competes in the lower leagues, but also played in the Polish second division in the 1940s and 1950s.
• Akademia Piłkarska 13 Jarosława Lato

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• Thomas Stoltzer ({{circa|1480}}–1526), composer
• Maria Cunitz (1604–1664), astronomer
• Benjamin Schmolk (1672–1737), composer, poet
• Johann Christoph Glaubitz ({{circa|1700}}–1767) architect
• Johann Gottlieb Janitsch (1708–1763), composer
• Karl Theodor Robert Luther (1822–1900), astronomer
• Albert Kretschmer (1825–1891), professor, painter, costumes researcher
• Clara Jaschke (either 1848 or 1858–1912) one of Prussia and Germany's first women railway workers and campaigner for women's rights.
• Emil Krebs (1867–1930), sinologist
• Ferdinand Friedensburg (1886–1972), politician
• Michael Graf von Matuschka (1888–1944), resistance fighter
• Hubert Schmundt (1888–1984), Kriegsmarine Admiral
• Manfred von Richthofen (1892–1918), World War I ace known as "The Red Baron"
• Peter Adolf Thiessen (1899–1990), physical chemist
• Heinz Starke (1911–2001), politician, Bundesfinanzminister 1961–1962
• Georg Gärtner (1920–2013), known as "Hitler's last Soldier in America"
• Gunther Gebel-Williams (1934–2001), animal trainer
• Manfred Kanther (born 1939), politician
• Henning Eichberg (born 1942), cultural sociologist
• Dorota Świeniewicz (born 1972), volleyball player, member of Poland women's national volleyball team
• Bartosz Huzarski (born 1980), cyclist
• Anna Werblińska (born 1984), volleyball player, member of Poland women's national volleyball team
• Janusz Gol (born 1985), Polish professional footballer
• Arkadiusz Piech (born 1985), Polish professional footballer
• Patryk Klimala (born 1998), Polish professional footballer
• Aleksander Balcerowski (born 2000), basketball player

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File:Swidnica 01.jpg|Świdnica Town Hall

File:597696 dolnośląskie Świdnica Długa 45 dom Pod Bykami 1.JPG|Dom pod bykami (House under the bulls)

File:Swidnica - kosciol Sw. Jozefa 1.jpg|Saint Joseph's Church

File:2020 Świdnica, ul. Długa 1.jpg|Historic townhouse at the market square

File:2020 Świdnica, Rynek 41 (3).jpg|Historic townhouse at the market square

File:Świdnica park 01.JPG|City Park

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

Świdnica is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie|url=http://um.swidnica.pl/pages/pl/moje-miasto/miasta-partnerskie.php|website=um.swidnica.pl|publisher=Świdnica|language=pl|access-date=2020-03-03}}

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• {{flagicon|GER}} Biberach an der Riss, Germany
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|HUN}} Kazincbarcika, Hungary
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Nizhyn, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|CZE}} Police nad Metují, Czech Republic
• {{flagicon|LTU}} Švenčionys, Lithuania
• {{flagicon|CZE}} Trutnov, Czech Republic
• {{flagicon|UK}} Tendring, United Kingdom

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{{reflist|group=note}}

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{{Wikivoyage}}

• [http://www.um.swidnica.pl/ Website of the municipality of Świdnica]
• [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/swidnica/ Jewish Community in Świdnica] on Virtual Shtetl
• [http://zieba.wroclaw.pl/kpg/kps.html Peace Church Panoramic view]
• [https://tripycal.com/posts/Swidnica-Day-Trip-to-UNESCO-World-Heritage-Site-663ca5d6abc258ca868660fa Swidnica Day Trip to UNESCO World Heritage Site]

{{Commons-inline|Świdnica}}

• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Schweidnitz}}

{{Świdnica County}}

{{Gmina Świdnica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship}}

{{Cities of Poland}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Category:Świdnica County

Category:Former principalities

Category:Populated riverside places in Poland