ʻAnianiau
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Magumma parva.jpg
| image2 = Female ʻAnianiau.jpg
| image2_caption = Female {{okina}}anianiau
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Magumma
| parent_authority = Mathews, 1925
| species = parva
| authority = (Stejneger, 1887)
| range_map = Magumma_parva_range.png
| synonyms = Hemignathus parvus
Himatione parva (Stejneger, 1887)
Viridonia parva (Stejneger, 1887)
}}
The {{okina}}anianiau (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑː|n|i|ˌ|ɑː|n|i|ˈ|aʊ}}) (Magumma parva) is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper that is endemic to upper elevation forests on the island of Kauai.{{cite web |url=http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2013/09/Fact-sheet-anianiau.pdf |title='Anianiau or Lesser 'Amakihi |work=Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy |publisher=State of Hawaii |date=October 1, 2005 |access-date=February 14, 2009}}
This species seems to be rather distantly related to the typical Hemignathini (such as the {{okina}}amakihis and nukupu{{okina}}us). It is placed in the monotypic genus Magumma.[http://www.aou.org/checklist/suppl/AOU_checklist_suppl_49.pdf] Forty-ninth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-list of North American Birds, Banks, et al. (2008).
Description
The 'anianiau is a brightly plumaged yellow bird and at {{convert|10|cm|in}} in length, the smallest Hawaiian honeycreeper.{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=8908&m=0 |title=Anianiau - Magumma parva |work=BirdLife Species Factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |access-date=February 14, 2009}} The {{okina}}anianiau has a slightly curved bill and a mass of about 10 g.{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificrimconservation.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Kauai%20honeycreepers%20multi-species.pdf|title=Hawaiian Bird Conservation Action Plan|publisher=Pacific Rim Conservation|access-date=April 7, 2014}} The plumage of the female is more uniform and has a duller yellow-green color than the male's bright yellow.{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/312/articles/introduction|title=BirdLife International - Anianiau|work=BirdLife International|access-date=March 14, 2014}} Its call is a pair of notes, tew-weet, while its song is a trill of wee-see, wee-see, wee-see.
Habitat
{{okina}}Anianiau are found in mesic and wet forests at elevations above {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The highest densities occur above {{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Dominant tree species in its habitat include koa (Acacia koa), {{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), {{okina}}ōlapa (Cheirodendron trigynum), and lapalapa (C. platyphyllum).
Diet
The {{okina}}anianiau mainly feeds on nectar from the flowers of plants such as {{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), {{okina}}ōhelo (Vaccinium spp.), and {{okina}}alani (Melicope spp.). It will also take arthropods from trees, shrubs, or vines.
Breeding
The {{okina}}anianiau breeding season ranges from February to June. The female makes a small cup-shaped nest of twigs and lichens in an {{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a tree. Typically, three eggs are laid.{{cite web|title='Anianiau|url=http://kauaiforestbirds.org/birds/anianiau/|publisher=Kauai Forest Bird Recovery Project|access-date=May 11, 2013}} The small yellow chicks leave the nest in three weeks, but while in the nest they are fed on a mainly protein diet of caterpillars.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
Discovery
The {{okina}}anianiau was first discovered in the 1830s, but was not seen again for another fifty years. This species was not well studied until the 1960s.
Conservation
The range of the {{okina}}anianiau has contracted by 85%, as it previously could be found in all forests of Kauai. Habitat degradation and invasion by non-native plants are the most significant threats to this species. Mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as avian malaria and fowlpox, are very rarely observed in captured {{okina}}anianiau, so they may not be a major cause of mortality. Predation by rats and cats is possible but has not been documented. This species is protected in the Alakai Wilderness Preserve and surrounding environs as well as Waimea Canyon and Koke{{okina}}e State Parks.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=8908&m=0 Species factsheet] - BirdLife International
- [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/anianiau-magumma-parva Videos, photos and sounds] - Internet Bird Collection
- [http://kauaiforestbirds.org/birds/anianiau/ Kaua{{okina}}i Forest Bird Recovery Project]
{{Passeroidea|N.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1308335}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anianiau}}
Category:Hawaiian honeycreepers
Category:Endemic birds of Hawaii