1138 Aleppo earthquake

Aleppo is located along the northern part of the Dead Sea Transform system of geologic faults, which is a plate boundary separating the Arabian plate from the African plate. The earthquake was the beginning of the first of two intense sequences of earthquakes in the region: October 1138 to June 1139 and a much more intense and a later series from September 1156 to May 1159. The first sequence affected areas around Aleppo and the western part of the region of Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey). During the second an area encompassing north-western Syria, northern Lebanon and the region of Antioch (modern Antakya, in southern Turkey) was subject to devastating quakes.{{Citation|last1=Guidoboni|first1=E.|last2=Bernardini|first2=F.|last3=Comastri|first3=A. |name-list-style=amp|year=2004|title=The 1138–1139 and 1156–1159 destructive seismic crises in Syria, south-eastern Turkey and northern Lebanon|journal=Journal of Seismology|publisher=Springer|volume=8|issue=1|pages=105–127|doi=10.1023/B:JOSE.0000009502.58351.06|bibcode = 2004JSeis...8..105G|s2cid=129658254 }}

In the mid-twelfth century, northern Syria was a war-ravaged land. The Crusader states set up by Western Europeans, such as the Principality of Antioch, were in a state of constant armed conflict with the Muslim states of Northern Syria and the Jazeerah, principally Aleppo and Mosul.

File:Plate Boundaries of the Middle East.png

The Near East region sits on a triple junction between the Arabian, African, and Eurasian plates. As such, this is one of the most tectonically active regions in the world.{{cite web|title=Movements of the Arabian Plate|url=https://sgs.org.sa/en/activities/geologic-hazards/earthquakes-and-volcanoes/earthquakes/movements-of-the-arabian-plate/|url-status=live|access-date=27 November 2021|website=Saudi Geological Survey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201115202/https://sgs.org.sa/en/activities/geologic-hazards/earthquakes-and-volcanoes/earthquakes/movements-of-the-arabian-plate/ |archive-date=1 December 2021 }} The Arabian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate causing the orogeny of the Caucasus Mountains and Anatolian plateau. Complementing the subduction zone along the north are divergent boundaries near the Red and Arabian Seas, as well as transform boundaries to the west along roughly along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea from the Sinai Peninsula to the Syria-Turkey border.{{Cite journal|last1=Hacıoğlu|first1=Özlem|last2=Başokur|first2=Ahmet Tuğrul|last3=Çiftçi|first3=Elif Tolak|date=2018-10-01|title=Crustal structure of a young collision zone: the Arabia–Eurasia collision in northeastern Turkey investigated by magnetotelluric data|journal=Earth, Planets and Space|volume=70|issue=1|pages=161|doi=10.1186/s40623-018-0932-3|bibcode=2018EP&S...70..161H |s2cid=54036024 |issn=1880-5981|doi-access=free}}

The Dead Sea Fault and the convergent boundary north of it have produced many notable seismic events both long before and after the Aleppo earthquake. Some of these were so traumatic that they found their way into myth and theology of ancient peoples such as the quake occurring during the Crucifixion of Christ,{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Jefferson B.|last2=Schwab|first2=Markus J.|last3=Brauer|first3=A.|date=2012-07-01|title=An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2011.639996|journal=International Geology Review|volume=54|issue=10|pages=1219–1228|doi=10.1080/00206814.2011.639996|bibcode=2012IGRv...54.1219W |s2cid=129604597 |issn=0020-6814|url-access=subscription}} or the 1500 BCE event which destroyed the city of Jericho and subsequently saw it abandoned.{{Cite web|title=Jericho Archaeology|url=https://www.israel-a-history-of.com/jericho-archaeology.html|access-date=2021-12-01|website=israel-a-history-of.com}} In 1927, the Jericho earthquake caused approximately 500 deaths and extensive damage, in particular to holy sites throughout the Holy Land.{{Cite news|title=When a major earthquake rippled through Jerusalem|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/the-last-big-one-the-july-11-1927-jericho-earthquake-562174|access-date=2021-12-01|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com}}

Carena and others (2023) postulated a ~{{cvt|50|km}} rupture along the longer and linear northern segment of the St. Simeon Fault corresponding to a {{M|w}} 7.2 earthquake. The fault runs for {{cvt|80|km}} along a north–south trend with its southern termination just north of Atarib. Guidoboni and Comastri (2005) estimated a magnitude of {{M|e}} 6.0 which has been argued as too small of an estimate considering the extensive area of destruction. Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology estimated the magnitude at {{M|e}} (equivalent magnitude from intensity distribution) 7.5.{{cite journal |last1=Carena |first1=S. |last2=Friedrich |first2=A. M. |last3=Verdecchia |first3=A. |last4=Kahle |first4=B. |last5=Rieger |first5=S. |last6=Kübler |first6=S. |title=Identification of Source Faults of Large Earthquakes in the Turkey-Syria Border Region Between 1000 CE and the Present, and Their Relevance for the 2023 Mw 7.8 Pazarcık Earthquake |journal=Tectonics |date=2023 |volume=42 |issue=12 |doi=10.1029/2023TC007890|doi-access=free }}

{{more citations needed section|date=October 2012}}

File:Ayda alley, Aleppo Christian Quarter (02).jpg]]

A contemporary chronicler in Damascus, Ibn al-Qalanisi, recorded the main quake on Wednesday, 11 October 1138. He wrote that it was preceded by an initial quake on 10 October and there were aftershocks on the evening of 20 October, on 25 October, on the night of 30 October–1 November, and finishing with another in the early morning of 3 November. However, Kemal al-Din, an author writing later, recorded only one earthquake on 19–20 October, which disagrees with al Qalanisi's account. Given that al Qalanisi was writing as the earthquakes occurred and that accounts from other historians support a 10 or 11 October date, his date of 11 October is considered authoritative. Sources today believe that the initial quake had an intensity greater than 7, and that it was accompanied by a tsunami.{{Cite web|last=Jenn|title=Aleppo Earthquake – Syria – 1138 AD – Devastating Disasters|url=https://devastatingdisasters.com/aleppo-earthquake-syria-1138-ad/|access-date=2021-11-30}} These factors contributed to the 1138 Aleppo earthquake being named one of the deadliest of all time.

The worst hit area was Harem, where Crusaders had built a large citadel. Sources indicate that the castle was destroyed and the church fell in on itself. The fort of Athareb, then occupied by Muslims, was destroyed. The citadel also collapsed, killing 600 of the castle guard, though the governor and some servants survived, and fled to Mosul. The town of Zardana, already sacked by the warring forces, was utterly obliterated, as was the small fort at Shih.

The residents of Aleppo, a large city of several tens of thousands during this period, had been warned by the foreshocks and fled to the countryside before the main earthquake. However, many people did not take the warnings of the foreshocks seriously, and decided to stay. This mistake cost many people their lives because the next day (October 11) the main shock occurred which caused the collapse of many buildings, killing thousands of people.

The walls of the citadel collapsed, as did the walls east and west of the citadel. Numerous houses were destroyed, with the stones used in their construction falling in streets. The cracks and holes in the foundations of the walls and buildings also caused further problems for the people of Aleppo. The holes allowed Crusaders and people from Muslim factions to invade the city, and another citadel in Aleppo was breached.{{Cite web|last=Wan|first=Taufiq|date=2016-10-11|title=Today in History: The Aleppo Earthquake, 1138|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/today-history-aleppo-earthquake-1138|access-date=2021-11-30|website=english.alaraby.co.uk/}} Contemporary accounts of the damage simply state that Aleppo was destroyed, though comparison of reports indicate that it did not bear the worst of the earthquake.

Other reports claim that Azrab, which is north of Aleppo, experienced the worst of the damage. Reports claim that the ground split in the middle, swallowing the village. This was most likely the result of a landslide from the earthquake. Reports also state that the main earthquake and its aftershocks were felt in Damascus, but not in Jerusalem. Accounts of men being swallowed by holes opening in the ground at Raqqa were erroneously attributed to the Aleppo earthquake, and based on the confused late twelfth-century account of Michael the Syrian.

The effects of the earthquake were not limited to the direct destruction caused by the shocks. The shocks and the destruction resulted in widespread interruption of economic and governmental activity. Most houses and their contents were completely destroyed. Many survivors fled to the desert.{{Cite journal|last=Sbeinati|first=Mohamed|date=June 2005|title=The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D.|journal=Annals of Geophysics|volume=48|pages=89}}

The citadel was deserted and damaged, and about 60% of the urban fabric was destroyed. This mass destruction was expensive, and due to scarce revenue, there was not much reconstruction. The jobs and lives of people in the city were permanently altered. Also, new systems for the administration of buildings were implemented. This was their attempt to attract people back to the city and make more money, but it was never as successful as it had been in the past.{{Cite journal|publisher=United Nations Institute for Training and Research|date=2018|title=Five Years of Conflict: The State of Cultural Heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo|journal=UNITAR|pages=143|via=UNESCO}}{{clarification needed|date=September 2024}}

Aleppo lay on key land trade routes between Africa, Asia, and Europe. The disruption of this trade caused by the earthquake, along with the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, precipitated a shift toward maritime trade and the rise of Italian merchant city-states like Venice, Pisa, and Genoa.{{Cite web|title= Silk Roads Programme|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/venice|access-date=2021-12-01|publisher=UNESCO}}

• List of historical earthquakes
• List of earthquakes in Turkey
• List of earthquakes in the Levant

{{reflist}}

{{Historical earthquakes (1000–1500)}}

{{Earthquakes in the Levant}}

{{Earthquakes in Syria}}

Aleppo earthquake

1138 Aleppo

Category:History of Aleppo

Category:12th century in the Seljuk Empire

Aleppo Earthquake, 1138

Category:Earthquakes in Syria

Category:Tsunamis in Syria