1431

• January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin at Rouen in France, which is under English occupation.
• February 21 – The trial of Joan of Arc for heresy begins.
• March 11 – Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer is elected as the successor to Pope Martin V and takes the name of Pope Eugene IV as the 207th leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
• March – Alexander I Aldea takes the throne of Wallachia with support from Alexander I of Moldavia.

• April 4 – In Poland, Konrad V Kantner, Duke of Oleśnica, leads a raid against the Hussites at Gliwice.
• April 5 – In Germany, Jacob of the House of Zähringen becomes the new Margrave of Baden-Baden upon the death of his father, Bernard I."[http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016327/images/index.html?seite=327|Jakob I., Markgraf von Baden"], Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB), vol. 10 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1974) p.311 ].
• May 30 – 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake in Rouen.
• June 6 – The Battle on the Po takes place on the Po River in Italy near Cremona as the navy of the Duchy of Milan defeats a fleet of 85 galleys of the Republic of Venice. The Venetians lose over 2,500 men, as well as 28 of the galley warships and 42 transport ships.{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E |first=Tony|last=Jaques |date=2001 |place=Westport}}
• June 16 – The Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating an anti-Polish alliance.
• June 25 – The Polish army invades the Principality of Volhynia, now part of Ukraine, and captures much of the territory.

=== July–September ===

• July 1 – In Spain, the army of the Crown of Castile, led by Álvaro de Luna defeats the Moors of the Emirate of Granada, led by the Sultan Muhammad IX, in the Battle of La Higueruela, fought at Vega de Granada.{{cite book|last=Echevarria|first=Ana|year=1999|title=The Fortress of Faith: The Attitude Towards Muslims in Fifteenth Century Spain|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=90-04-11232-4}}
• July 2 – In the Battle of Bulgnéville over who will be the next Duke of Lorraine, Count Antoine de Vaudémont, supported by Burgundian and English troops, defeats René of Anjou, who is supported by the Kingdom of France.{{cite book |title=Philip the Good |last=Vaughan |first=Richard |year=2002 |orig-date=1970|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |pages=118–119 |isbn= 0-85115-917-6}}
• July 25 – An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, originally called by Pope Martin V before his death in February, convenes at Basel in Switzerland.{{Citation |last=Watt |first=D. E. R. |author-link=D. E. R. Watt |title=Medieval Church Councils in Scotland |place=Edinburgh |publisher=T&T Clark Ltd |year=2000 |pages=153–154 |isbn=978-0-567-08731-7}}
• August 14 – Hussites under Prokop the Great and Sigismund Korybut defeat the forces of Frederick of Brandenburg at the Battle of Domažlice.Aleš Nováček (2011). [https://bellum.cz/en/battle-of-domazlice.html Battle of Domažlice, 14th August 1431]. Bellum.
• August 21 – The navy of the Republic of Venice, commanded by Armiral Pietro Loredan, gains a major victory over the Republic of Genoa in a battle off of the coast of Rapallo, but fails to overthrow the Doge Battista Spinola{{DBI |last=Gulino |first=Giuseppe |title=Loredan Pietro |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-loredan_(Dizionario-Biografico) |volume=65 |accessdate= 18 March 2017}}.
• August 26 (September 2 N.S.) – At the Polish city of Chortoryisk, representatives of Švitrigaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and of the King of Poland, Władysław II Jagiełło agree to a truce to end the Lutsk War.{{cite book|last=Frost|first=Robert|title=The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018|orig-year=1st pub. 2015|page=168|isbn=978-0-19-880020-0}}
• September 13 – The army of Poland defeats the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Dąbki, {{cite journal|first=Marian |last=Biskup |title=Najazd krzyżacki na Polskę i bitwa pod Dąbkami 1431 |journal=Zeszyty Naukowe Wojskowej Akademii Politycznej| volume=Historia |year=1967 |issue= 15|language=pl}}
• September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.

=== October–December ===

• October 15 –, the Roman Catholic Council of Basel issus a formal invitation to the Hussites to take part in its deliberations.
• October 30 – The Treaty of Medina del Campo is signed, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.
• November 9 – The Hungarians defeat the Hussite army at the Battle of Ilava.
• November 18 – A treaty in Suceava concludes an attack on Poland, launched this year by Alexander I of Moldavia during the Lithuanian Civil War.
• December 13 – Vlad, future Prince of Wallachia as Vlad II Dracul, is made a member of the Order of the Dragon. Because of this, his son Vlad III the Impaler will inspire the literary figure named Dracula.Constantin Rezachevici (1999) "[https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=dracula-studies From the Order of the Dragon to Dracula]". Journal of Dracula Studies. Vol. 1, Article 1
• December 14 – The first full meeting of the Roman Catholic council at Basel is convened, but Pope Eugene IV and the council members are not able to agree on principles.
• December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre-Dame de Paris.Thomas Frederick Tout. Henry VI. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 26, pgs. 56–69.

• The University of Poitiers is founded.
• The Ayutthaya Kingdom besieges Angkor and sacks the Khmer capital, ending the Khmer Empire.
• Nezahualcoyotl is crowned Tlatoani of the Kingdom of Texcoco.
• Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly Turahan Bey breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the second time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula.{{cite encyclopedia | article=Turakhān Beg| first = Franz | last = Babinger | encyclopedia = E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VIII | editor-first = Martijn Theodoor | editor-last = Houtsma | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden | year = 1987 | isbn = 90-04-09794-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA876 | pages = 876–878}}

• January 1 – Pope Alexander VI (d. 1503){{cite book |last1=Hourihane |first1=Colum |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture |date=2012 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780195395365 |page=395 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|language=en}}
• October 26 – Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian politician (d. 1505)
• November or December – Vlad III the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1476)
• date unknown
• William Elphinstone, Scottish statesman (d. 1514)
• Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia (d. 1473)
• Ladislaus Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (d. 1457)
• probable
• William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings (d. 1483)
• John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, English politician (d. 1471)
• François Villon, French poet
• Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, A member of the House of Drăculești, as well as the Voivode of Wallachia 1456-1462

• January 25 – Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1364)
• February 20 – Pope Martin V (b. 1368){{cite web |title=Martin V {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-V |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}
• April 1 – Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general and religious figure
• April 5 – Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1364)
• April 19 – Adolph III, Count of Waldeck (b. 1362)
• May 30 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint (b. c. 1412)
• September 6 – Demetrios Laskaris Leontares, Byzantine soldier and statesman
• December 8 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Polish and Lithuanian princess (b. 1408)
• date unknown
• Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, Indian Sufi mystic
• Stanisław of Skarbimierz, Polish theologian (b. 1360)
• Violant of Bar, queen regent of Aragon (b. 1365){{cite book |title=Self-Fashioning and Assumptions of Identity in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004291003 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETVzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|language=en}}

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