1657 in science

• Peter Heylin publishes his Cosmographie, one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English and the first known description of Australia.

• Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory,"I believe that we do not know anything for certain, but everything probably." —Christiaan Huygens, Letter to Pierre Perrault, 'Sur la préface de M. Perrault de son traité del'Origine des fontaines' [1763], Oeuvres Complétes de Christiaan Huygens (1897), Vol. 7, 298. Quoted in Jacques Roger, The Life Sciences in Eighteenth-Century French Thought, ed. Keith R. Benson and trans. Robert Ellrich (1997), 163. Quotation selected by W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds., 2005), Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations {{ISBN|0-19-858409-1}} p. 317 quotation 4. De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").{{cite book|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicsfromb1997gull/page/963 963–965]|authorlink=Jan Gullberg|first=Jan|last=Gullberg|title=Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-04002-9|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsfromb1997gull/page/963}}

• Walter Rumsey invents the provang, a baleen instrument which he describes in his Organon Salutis: an instrument to cleanse the stomach.{{cite web|url=http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/coffee_houses_of_old_london.htm|title=The Coffee Houses of Old London|accessdate=2011-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225232747/http://www.coffee-beans-arabica.com/info/coffee_houses_of_old_london.htm|archive-date=2012-02-25|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/james-cornelius-morrice/wales-in-the-seventeenth-century--its-literature-and-men-of-letters-and-action-ala/page-26-wales-in-the-seventeenth-century--its-literature-and-men-of-letters-and-action-ala.shtml|first=J. C.|last=Morrice|title=Wales in the Seventeenth Century: its literature and men of letters and action|location=Bangor|publisher=Jarvis & Foster|year=1918|page=26|accessdate=2011-05-23}}

• Christiaan Huygens patents his 1656 design for a pendulum clock and the first example is made for him by Salomon Coster at The Hague.{{cite book|author=van den Ende, Hans|title=Huygens's Legacy: The Golden Age of the Pendulum Clock|publisher=Fromanteel Ltd|year=2004|display-authors=etal}}
• approx. date – The anchor escapement for clocks is probably invented by Robert Hooke.{{cite book|last=Milham|first= Willis I.|title=Time and Timekeepers|year=1945|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7808-0008-3|page=146}}{{cite book|last=Glasgow|first=David|title=Watch and Clock Making|year=1885|publisher=Cassell|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/watchandclockma00glasgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/watchandclockma00glasgoog/page/n279 293]}}{{cite journal|last=Headrick |first=Michael |year=2002 |title=Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement |journal=Control Systems Magazine |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |volume=22 |issue=2 |url=http://www.geocities.com/mvhw/anchor.html |accessdate=2007-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025120920/http://geocities.com/mvhw/anchor.html |archivedate=October 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Thomas|title=Treatise on Clock and Watch-making, Theoretical and Practical|publisher=Carey & Lea|year=1832|location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseonclock01reidgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/treatiseonclock01reidgoog/page/n198 184]}}

• Accademia del Cimento established in Florence.{{cite book|last1=Panzanelli|first1=Roberta|title=Ephemeral Bodies:Wax Sculpture and the Human Figure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmVkL49nvDgC&pg=PA102|publisher=Getty Research Institute|page=102|date=2008|isbn=9780892368778}}

• February 11 – Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientific populariser (died 1757)
• approx. date – Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, French fur trader and explorer (died 1704)

• June 3 – William Harvey, English physician who discovered the circulation of blood (born 1578)
• June 16 – Fortunio Liceti, Italian Aristotelian scientific polymath (born 1577)
• September 23 – Joachim Jungius, German mathematician, logician and philosopher of science (born 1587)
• October 22 – Cassiano dal Pozzo, Italian scholar and patron (born 1588)
• November – John French, English physician and chemist (born c. 1616)

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Category:17th century in science

Category:1650s in science