1709 in science

• January – Great Frost in Western Europe.{{cite journal|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true|last=Pain|first=Stephanie|title=1709: the year that Europe froze|journal=New Scientist|date=7 February 2009}}{{cite journal|last1=Luterbacher|first1=Jürg|last2=Dietrich|first2=Daniel|last3=Xoplaki|first3=Elena|last4=Grosjean|first4=Martin|last5=Wanner|first5=Heinz|year=2004|title=European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500|journal=Science|volume=303|issue=5663|pages=1499–1503|doi=10.1126/science.1093877|pmid=15001774|bibcode=2004Sci...303.1499L}}

• Francis Hauksbee publishes Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects, summarizing the results of his many experiments with electricity and other topics.

• January 10 – Industrial Revolution: Abraham Darby I successfully produces cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England.{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, coking section supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}
• February 5 – Dramatist John Dennis devises the thundersheet as a new method of producing theatrical thunder for his tragedy Appius and Virginia at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London.{{cite book|authorlink=Nigel Rees|last=Rees|first=Nigel|title=Why Do We Say ...?|year=1987|isbn=0-7137-1944-3}}
• March 28 – Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at Dresden.
• July 13 – Johann Maria Farina founds Farina gegenüber, the first Eau de Cologne and perfume factory in Cologne, Germany.
• August 8 – Hot air balloon of Bartholome de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
• A collapsible umbrella is introduced in Paris.{{cite web|title=The History of Umbrellas|url=http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|publisher=Oakthrift Corporation|accessdate=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902053708/http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|archive-date=2013-09-02|url-status=dead}}

• April 9 – Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet dies and in his will provides funding to the Royal Society for the annual Copley Medal honoring achievement in science (first awarded in 1731).

• February 24 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French engineer and inventor (died 1782)
• March 3 – Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, German chemist (died 1782)
• March 10 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (died 1746)
• April 17 – Giovanni Domenico Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer (died 1788)
• July 11 – Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (died 1785)
• August 8 – Johann Georg Gmelin, German botanist (died 1755)
• November 23 – Julien Offray de La Mettrie, French physician and philosopher (died 1751)

• early – Eleanor Glanville, English entomologist (born c. 1654)
• June 29 – Antoine Thomas, Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (born 1644)
• June 30 – Edward Lhuyd, Welsh naturalist (born 1660)
• October 17 – François Mauriceau, French obstetrician (born 1637)

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Category:18th century in science

Category:1700s in science