1846–1860 cholera pandemic

{{Main|Second cholera pandemic}}

The second cholera pandemic spread from India, surging outward to all of Europe and northern Africa, then crossing the Atlantic to Canada and the United States, spreading to Mexico and the Caribbean. Many sources differ regarding when the second pandemic ended, and the third pandemic began. There are sources that maintain that the third cholera pandemic started with a surge from Bengal in 1839.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|last=Hays|first=J. N.|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096589|language=en}}

Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846.[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Snow/pandemic1846-63.html Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228205451/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/pandemic1846-63.html |date=28 December 2010 }}. UCLA School of Public Health. In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=oh-5AAmboMUC&pg=PA9 Russia and the Russians: a history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114172930/https://books.google.com/books?id=oh-5AAmboMUC&pg=PA9 |date=14 January 2023 }}". Harvard University Press. p. 9. {{ISBN|0-674-00473-6}}

A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives.[https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 Cholera's seven pandemics], cbc.ca, 2 December 2008. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever.{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/2807/irishfamine.html|title=The Irish Famine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027105918/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/2807/irishfamine.html|archivedate=27 October 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-06-09}} In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England.{{cite book|title=The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866|last=Rosenberg|first=Charles E.|date=1987|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-72677-9}} In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.

Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the United States, spread throughout the Mississippi river system, killing over 4,500 in St. Louis and over 3,000 in New Orleans. Thousands died in New York, a major destination for Irish immigrants. The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849–1850 took the life of former U.S. President James K. Polk. During the California Gold Rush, cholera was transmitted along the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6,000 to 12,000{{cite book|title=The plains across: the overland emigrants and the trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60|author=Unruh, John David|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-252-06360-2|location=Urbana, IL|pages=408–10|title-link=The Plains Across (book)}} are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849–1855. It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849,{{cite journal|author=Beardsley GW|year=2000|title=The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)|url=http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html|journal=The Early America Review|volume=3|issue=2|access-date=2010-02-01|archive-date=4 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504204108/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html|url-status=live}}{{cite journal |last=Jiang |first=Sunny C. |date=2001-09-01 |title=Vibrio cholerae in recreational beach waters and tributaries of Southern California |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=460 |issue=1 |pages=157–164 |doi=10.1023/A:1013152407425 |s2cid=20591955 |issn=1573-5117|doi-access=free }} and also claimed 200,000 victims in Mexico.{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf|title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M|last=Byrne|first=Joseph Patrick|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-34102-1|page=101|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215143932/https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf|url-status=live}} In Vietnam, cholera outbreak in 1849 killed estimatedly from 800,000 to one million people (8–10% of the kingdom's 1847 population).{{cite book |last1=Goscha |first1=Christopher |title=Vietnam: A New History|date=2016 |publisher=Basic Books|pages=60}} In Siam, cholera outbreak which started from Penang before passing to Pattani, Songkla, Samut Prakarn, Bangkok, Pathum Thani, Phitsanuloke and Ang Sila from June to July 1849 had killed at least 5,457 people in Bangkok and the estimated number of death from cholera outbreak varied from 15000 to 40000 people.{{cite web|url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000060297|title="ห่าลงปีระกา" มิถุนายนรุนแรงที่สุด!ตายถึง ๔๐,๐๐๐ ในยามที่ยังไม่รู้ว่าอหิวาต์คืออะไร!!|date=18 June 2018|access-date=2023-03-30|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330040513/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000060297|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_47438|title=เมื่อรัชกาลที่ 3 กริ้วจนไล่บาทหลวงฝรั่งดื้อและขัดรับสั่ง ช่วงโรคระบาดรุมบางกอก|access-date=2023-03-30|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330040516/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_47438|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/60160|title=ชักธงเหลืองโรคห่าลงพระสงฆ์ทิ้งวัด|access-date=2023-03-30|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330040514/https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/60160|url-status=live}}{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Malcolm |title=A physician at the court of Siam|date=1947 |publisher=Country Life}}

The cholera epidemic in Russia that started in 1847 lasted until 1851, killing over one million people. In 1851, a ship coming from Cuba carried the disease to Gran Canaria.[http://coloquioscanariasamerica.casadecolon.com/index.php/CHCA/article/viewFile/9072/8523 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EPIDEMIC OF THE CHOLERA MORBUS OF 1851 IN THE PALMS OF GREAT CANARY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085645/http://coloquioscanariasamerica.casadecolon.com/index.php/CHCA/article/viewFile/9072/8523 |date=22 October 2017 }} p.626 It is considered that more than 6,000 people died in the island during summer,[http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/44370 Historia de la medicina en Gran Canaria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085423/http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/44370 |date=22 October 2017 }} pp. 545–546 out of a population of 58,000.

In 1852, cholera spread east to Indonesia, and later was carried to China and Japan in 1854. The Philippines were infected in 1858 and Korea in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to Iran, Iraq, Arabia and Russia. Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in Tokyo in an outbreak in 1858–60.[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ps-IesBlzkC&pg=PA313 Kaoru Sugihara, Peter Robb, Haruka Yanagisawa, Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India: Japanese Perspectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724073943/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ps-IesBlzkC&pg=PA313 |date=24 July 2023 }}, (1996), p. 313.

In 1854, an outbreak of cholera in Chicago took the lives of 5.5 percent of the population (about 3,500 people).{{cite book|title=The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866|first=Charles E. | last=Rosenberg|author-link=Charles E. Rosenberg|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-226-72677-9|location=Chicago}}[http://www.jonathanriley.net/chicsrc.html#y1854_m07_d12 Chicago Daily Tribune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831183711/http://www.jonathanriley.net/chicsrc.html#y1854_m07_d12 |date=31 August 2009 }}, 12 July 1854 Providence, Rhode Island suffered an outbreak so widespread that for the next thirty years, 1854 was known there as "The Year of Cholera."{{cite news |last1=McKenna |first1=Ray |title=My Turn: Ray McKenna: R.I. residents of 1854 would relate |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/opinion/20200419/my-turn-ray-mckenna-ri-residents-of-1854-would-relate |access-date=20 April 2020 |publisher=The Providence Journal |date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143232/https://www.providencejournal.com/opinion/20200419/my-turn-ray-mckenna-ri-residents-of-1854-would-relate |url-status=dead }} In 1853–54, London's epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–55.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA369|title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: from Ancient Times to the Present|last=Kohn|first=George C.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4|page=369|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114173159/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA369|url-status=live}} The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil. During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease. They blamed their sanitation practices. Some United States scientists began to believe that cholera was somehow associated with African Americans, as the disease was prevalent in the South in areas of black populations. Current researchers note their populations were underserved in terms of sanitation infrastructure, and health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease.{{cite book|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|last=Hayes|first=J. N.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=233}}

The events surrounding the cholera pandemic in Bologna in 1855 were described by the city's Sanitation Department or Delegation, published in 1857. The treatise also describes prior plagues afflicting the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QjUAAAAAQAAJ Il cholera morbus nella città di Bologna l'anno 1855. Relazione della deputazione comunale di sanità preceduta da notizie storiche intorno le pestilenze nel Bolognese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141724/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjUAAAAAQAAJ |date=8 November 2023 }}, published by della Volpe and dei Sassi, Bologna 1857.

{{Main|1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak}}

File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854]]

The 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of London, England, and occurred during the third cholera pandemic. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as "miasma").{{cite journal|last=Eyeler|first=William|date=July 2001|title=The changing assessments of John Snow's and William Farr's Cholera Studies|journal=Sozial- und Präventivmedizin|volume=46|issue=4|pages=225–32|doi=10.1007/BF01593177|pmid=11582849|s2cid=9549345|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last1=Paneth|first1=N|last2=Vinten-Johansen|first2=P|last3=Brody|first3=H|last4=Rip|first4=M|date=1998-10-01|title=A rivalry of foulness: official and unofficial investigations of the London cholera epidemic of 1854.|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=88|issue=10|pages=1545–1553|doi=10.2105/ajph.88.10.1545|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1508470|pmid=9772861}}

Snow identified the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although his studies were not entirely conclusive, his advocacy convinced the local council to disable the Broad Street pump by removing its handle. Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases, showing that water was being delivered to the outbreak area from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames, leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology.

This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment.

• History of cholera
• Matthew Arbuckle Jr.

{{reflist}}

• [https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/227 Book on Pandemics]

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Category:Cholera pandemics

Category:19th-century epidemics

Category:1840s disasters

Category:1840s in health

Category:19th-century disease outbreaks

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Category:1850s in health

Category:1860s disasters

Category:1860s in health