1868 in science

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The year 1868 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

Chemistry

  • August 18 – The element later named as helium is first detected in the spectrum of the Sun's chromosphere by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total eclipse in Guntur, India, but assumed to be sodium.{{cite journal|title=French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=101|issue=2|pages=95–100|bibcode=1991JBAA..101...95K|last=Kochhar|first=R. K.|year=1991}}
  • October 20 – English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D3 Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element which he later names helium.{{cite book|title= The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements|pages=256–268|first=Clifford A.|last=Hampel|location=New York|isbn=0-442-15598-0|year=1968|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold}}
  • Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of color photography.{{cite book|last=Coe|first=Brian|title=Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940|year=1978|location=London|publisher=Ash & Grant|isbn=0-904069-24-9}}

Medicine

  • Jean-Martin Charcot describes and names multiple sclerosis.{{cite web|url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/19.html|title=Jean-Martin Charcot|work=Whonamedit?|last=Enerson|first=Ole Daniel|accessdate=2011-04-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000108/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/19.html| archivedate= 14 May 2011 | url-status= live}}{{cite journal|author=Charcot, J.-M.|title= Histologie de la sclerose en plaques|journal=Gazette des Hopitaux|location=Paris|year=1868|volume=41|pages= 554–55}}
  • Adolph Kussmaul performs the first esophagogastroduodenoscopy on a living human.{{cite journal|last1=Killian|first1=Gustvan|title=The history of bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=21|pages=891–7|year=1911|doi=10.1288/00005537-191109000-00001|issue=9|s2cid=73388145|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448736}}{{cite journal|last1=Modlin|first1=Irvin M.|last2=Kidd|first2=Mark|last3=Lye|first3=Kevin D.|title=From the Lumen to the Laparoscope|url=http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/139/10/1110|journal=Archives of Surgery|volume=139|issue=10|pages=1110–26|year=2004|pmid=15492154|doi=10.1001/archsurg.139.10.1110|accessdate=2011-10-17|url-access=subscription}}{{cite book|last1=Elewaut|first1=A.|last2=Cremer|first2=M.|chapter=The History of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy — The European Perspective|editor1-last=Classen|editor1-first=Meinhard|editor2-last=Tytgat|editor2-first=Guido N.J.|editor3-last=Lightdale|editor3-first=Charles J.|title=Gastroenterological endoscopy|publisher=Thieme|location=Stuttgart|year=2002|page=17|isbn=978-1-58890-013-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4X5c7NVo-gkC&q=%22The%20History%20of%20Gastrointestinal%20Endoscopy%E2%80%94The%20European%20Perspective%22.&pg=PA17|accessdate=2010-09-06}}{{cite book|first=F.|last=Vilardell|title=Digestive endoscopy in the second millennium: from the Lichtleiter to echoendoscopy|chapter=Rigid gastroscopes|publisher=Thieme|location=Stuttgart|year=2006|pages=32–5|isbn=978-3-13-139671-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu1l1yS156oC&dq=%22Rigid+gastroscopes%22.+Digestive+endoscopy+in+the+second+millenium:+from+the+lichtleiter+to+echoendoscopy.&pg=PT71|accessdate=2010-09-06}}

Paleontology

Technology

Awards

Births

Deaths

  • February 10 – Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (born 1781){{cite book|author=Gordon, Margaret Maria |title=The home life of sir David Brewster|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sG4BAAAAQAAJ|access-date=18 September 2011|year=1881|publisher=D. Douglas|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sG4BAAAAQAAJ/page/n238 231]–236}}
  • February 11 – Léon Foucault (born 1819), French physicist.{{cite book|author1=John Guy Porter|author2=Patrick Moore|title=Yearbook of Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbc7AAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=W. W. Norton|page=47}}
  • February 24 – John Herapath (born 1790), English physicist.
  • May 22 – Julius Plücker (born 1801), German mathematician and physicist.
  • June 25 – Alexander Mitchell (born 1780), Irish engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse.
  • June 29 – Sir John Lillie, British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (born 1790)
  • July 15 – William T. G. Morton (born 1819), American dentist.
  • August 29 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein, German chemist and inventor of the fuel cell (born 1799){{cite book | last = Partington | first = J. R. | title = History of Chemistry | publisher = Macmillan Education, Limited | location = London | year = 1964 | isbn = 9781349005543 | page=190}}
  • September 26 – August Ferdinand Möbius (born 1790), German mathematician and astronomer{{cite book | last = Franceschetti | first = Donald | title = Biographical encyclopedia of mathematicians | publisher = Marshall Cavendish | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780761470717 | page=377}}
  • December 25 – Linus Yale, Jr. (born 1821), American engineer and inventor.{{cite book | last = Day | first = Lance | title = Biographical dictionary of the history of technology | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 9781134650194 | page=1345}}
  • December 31 – James David Forbes (born 1809), Scottish-born physicist, glaciologist and seismologist.

References

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Category:1860s in science

Category:19th century in science