1906 Valparaíso earthquake

{{Infobox earthquake

| title = 1906 Valparaíso earthquake

| timestamp = 1906-08-17 00:40:04

| anss-url = iscgemsup16957911

| isc-event = 16957911

| local-date = {{Start date|1906|08|16|19|55||-4:00}}

| local-time = 19:55

| image = Terremoto Valparaíso 1906.jpg

| image alt = Damage in Valparaíso after the earthquake

| imagecaption = Damage in Valparaíso after the earthquake

| image name =

| map2 = {{Location map | Chile |relief=1

| label=

| lat=-32.4

| long=-71.4

| mark=Bullseye1.png

| marksize=40

| position=top

| width= 150

| float=center

| caption=}}

| caption = Epicentral location

| magnitude = 8.2 {{M|w|link=y}}

| intensity = {{MMI|11}}{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2779|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year = 1972|type = Data Set}}

| depth = {{convert|25|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}

| location = {{coord|32|24|S|71|24|W|type:event_region:CL|display=inline,title}}

| countries affected = Chile

| tsunami = Yes

| casualties = {{formatnum:3882}} dead

}}

The 1906 Valparaíso earthquake hit Valparaíso, Chile, on August 16 at 19:55 local time. Its epicenter was offshore from the Valparaíso Region, and its magnitude was estimated at 8.2 {{M|w|link=y}}.{{Cite anss|Valparaiso, Chile|1906|iscgemsup16957911|M 8.2 – Valparaiso, Chile|access-date=August 16, 2018|mode=cs1}} This earthquake occurred thirty minutes after the 1906 Aleutian Islands earthquake.

Much of Valparaíso was destroyed; there was severe damage in central Chile from Illapel to Talca. The earthquake was felt from Tacna to Puerto Montt. Reports said the earthquake lasted four minutes. A tsunami was also generated. The earthquake killed a reported 3,882 people.

The record of previous seismic activity includes major earthquakes in 1647, 1730 and 1822.{{cite book|last1=Korrat |first1=I. |first2=R. |last2=Madariaga |chapter=Rupture of the Valparaiso (Chile) Gap from 1971–1985 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hh1dTskgyDEC&pg=PA251 |title=Earthquake Source Mechanics |year=1986 |page=251|publisher=American Geophysical Union |isbn=9780875904054 }} The 1906 disaster was predicted by Captain Arturo Middleton, Chief of the Chilean Army Meteorological Office, in a letter that was published in El Mercurio, one week before it occurred.

Admiral Luis Gómez Carreño ordered the shooting of at least 15 people, who were caught looting after the earthquake. A Board for Reconstruction was formed some weeks after the earthquake. The Seismological Service of Chile was also created.

Background

Chile lies above a convergent plate boundary, an area where the Nazca plate under the Pacific Ocean is subducted or moved beneath the South American plate. In the region around Valparaiso, the rate of convergence is about 70 mm/yr.{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101123940/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tfan/ |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tfan/#summary |title=Magnitude 8.8 – OFFSHORE MAULE, CHILE |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=October 8, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2010 }} As these two plates converge, it drives the Nazca plate with massive movements called megathrust earthquakes. The 1906 event was one of many large earthquakes in Chile along this plate boundary. Earthquakes can originate at the plate interface itself or within either the subducting or overriding plates.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Citing the conjunction of Neptune with the moon,{{cite web|url= http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id={87680ded-8f54-459b-84b5-0cbfa1dc7b4d}|title=Materialismo sísmico (y 2)|work=Revista Sábado|publisher=El Mercurio|date=June 5, 2010|language=Spanish|access-date=October 11, 2010}} {{subscription required}} Captain Arturo Middleton, Chief of the Chilean Army's Meteorological Office, predicted the earthquake in a letter published in the Valparaíso newspaper El Mercurio on August 6.{{cite web|url= http://www.mer.cl/modulos/generacion/mobileASP/detailNew.asp?idNoticia=C38954220100529&strNamePage=SAPRO038201005291H.SWF&codCuerpo=745&codRev=889&iNumPag=038&strFecha=2010-05-29&iPage=1&tipoPantalla= |title=Materialismo sísmico|publisher=El Mercurio|work=Revista Sábado|date=May 29, 2010|language=Spanish|access-date=October 11, 2010}} {{subscription required}} Captain Middleton was severely criticized in the following days, and was described as "ignorant and obscurantist."

Earthquake characteristics

On August 16, 1906, at 19:55 local time,{{cite web |publisher=Memoria Chilena |url=http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0000522.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316004918/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0000522.pdf|archive-date=March 16, 2012 |url-status=live|title=La catástrofe del 16 de agosto de 1906 en Chile |language=Spanish |access-date=February 27, 2013}} while most Chileans were dining, a subterraneous sound was heard, and before it ended, the first tremor occurred, lasting about four minutes. The second tremor occurred at 20:06 and, although it lasted only two minutes, was much more violent. There were numerous aftershocks: at least 56 of them occurred during the first 24 hours after the beginning tremors.

The magnitude of the earthquake has been estimated to be 8.4 {{M|l|link=y}}, 8.2 {{M|w|link=y}}{{cite web|publisher=Servicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231163803/http://www.sismologia.cl/home/terrem.html|archive-date=December 31, 2006 |url-status=dead|url=http://www.sismologia.cl/home/terrem.html|title=SISMOS IMPORTANTES Y/O DESTRUCTIVOS (1570 – Mayo 2005)|language=Spanish|access-date=October 11, 2010}} or {{M|s|link=y}} 8.2–8.3. The energy release has been re-evaluated with an estimated seismic moment of 2.8 x 10²⁸, equivalent to a magnitude of 8.26 {{M|w}}. The rupture length of the earthquake has been estimated at 200 km with a focal depth of about 40 km. The focal mechanism has been assessed using contemporary seismograph records from five stations, which were published soon after the earthquake. The data suggest that the earthquake was probably along the subduction interface. Modelling of a tsunami using these source parameters shows that this earthquake was the origin of the transpacific tsunamis recorded that same day in Hawaii and Japan, rather than the almost contemporaneous 1906 Aleutian Islands earthquake.

The 30-minute time gap between the Aleutian and Chilean earthquakes is thought to be coincidental, with no causal link between the two.{{cite journal|last=Okal|first=E.A.|year=2005|title=A re-evaluation of the great Aleutian and Chilean earthquakes of 1906 August 17|journal=Geophysical Journal International|volume=161|issue=2|pages=268–282|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02582.x|bibcode=2005GeoJI.161..268O|doi-access=free}}

Damage

File:El Mercurio, 17 de agosto de 1906.jpg newspaper on August 17, 1906, reporting the earthquake of the day before]]

The earthquake caused damage throughout Central Chile, from Illapel to Talca. There were several destructive fires in El Almendral (from Plaza de la Victoria to Cerro Barón), Mercado Cardonal, Teatro de la Victoria (Victory Theatre), the Intendencia, the Maritime Government in Sotomayor Square and the Fiscal Dock at the port.{{cite web|publisher=Ciudad de Valparaíso |url=http://www.ciudaddevalparaiso.cl/inicio/patrimonio_historia_sxxi.php?id_hito=14 |title=Valparaíso: las tragedias que marcaron su identidad |language=Spanish |access-date=October 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707010634/http://www.ciudaddevalparaiso.cl/inicio/patrimonio_historia_sxxi.php?id_hito=14 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead }}

The earthquake was also felt in Santiago, the capital of Chile. The newspaper El Mercurio reported in its August 17 edition that "the earthquake was produced in a violent way since its beginning, and provoked an indescribable panic through all the four thousands of inhabitants of Santiago and an unprecedented terror in the last years. Two or three-story buildings, even the most solid ones such as the National Congress, were swinging like a vessel in the sea. The shakings were so strong that many people thought the earth was going to open itself in deep and long strips."{{cite news|work=Diario el Día|title=El terremoto del Centenario.|date=October 11, 2010}}

According to the University of Chile, there were {{formatnum:3882}} deaths.{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |title=Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=October 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |archive-date=January 14, 2013 |url-status=dead }} The earthquake left more than 20,000 injured.

On August 19, Admiral Luis Gómez Carreño was appointed Plaza Port Chief. Gómez ordered the distribution of water and food, removal of corpses and demolition of buildings in risk of collapse, from a tent in Plaza de La Victoria.{{cite web|publisher=La Tercera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233935/http://latercera.com/contenido/1453_230311_9.shtml |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |url=http://latercera.com/contenido/1453_230311_9.shtml |title=Gómez Carreño, el "sheriff" que controló Valparaíso en el sismo de 1906. |language=Spanish |access-date=October 11, 2010 }} Adm. Gómez ordered the shooting of at least 15 people who had committed crimes during the aftermath. Others received public lashings for warning about another disaster or attacking the police.{{Cite journal |last=Savala |first=Joshua |title="Let Us Bring it with Love": Violence, Solidarity, and the Making of a Social Disaster in the Wake of the 1906 Earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx021 |journal=Journal of Social History |date=2018 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=934–935 |doi=10.1093/jsh/shx021 |via=Project Muse}}

Teatro de la Victoria - Valparaíso, Chile.jpg|Teatro de la Victoria before the earthquake

Terremoto Valparaíso 1906-Teatro de la Victoria.JPG|Teatro de la Victoria after the earthquake

Saqueador fusilado-Terrremoto Chile 1906.JPG|Looters shot by the authorities.

Relief efforts

Despite the state of the city, authorities quickly organized themselves into relief groups. Firefighters from other cities of Chile, including Santiago, Concepción and Talcahuano, moved to Valparaíso to help the local Fire Bureau.{{cite web|url=http://www.bomberil.cl/varios/viaje.htm |title=La jornada del hambre |access-date=October 11, 2010 |author=Ponce, Galvarino |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005848/http://www.bomberil.cl/varios/viaje.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |language=Spanish }} Physician José Grossi worked to counteract the plagues that followed the earthquake.{{cite web |url= http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/dest.asp?id=terremotosvalparaiso|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620091642/http://www.memoriachilena.cl/temas/dest.asp?id=terremotosvalparaiso|archive-date=June 20, 2012 |url-status=live|title=Terremoto Valparaíso |publisher=Memoria Chilena |language=Spanish |access-date=October 16, 2010}}{{cite web|url= http://diario.elmercurio.cl/detalle/index.asp?id={02794789-2639-4bee-a4c4-bb18e7c20759} |title=La noche en que Valparaíso se desplomó |date=July 30, 2006 |language=Spanish |publisher=El Mercurio |access-date=October 11, 2010}} {{subscription required}}

On August 25, President Germán Riesco and President-Elect Pedro Montt arrived at Valparaíso. They arrived there by train, on foot, or horseback to survey the magnitude of the disaster.

Working class organizations—mutual aid societies, labor unions, and Left organizations—held fundraisers to financially support those they thought were left behind or forgotten by state efforts. Some organizations in Santiago sent money to labor groups in Valparaíso; they also helped to temporarily house working class victims from Valparaíso in Santiago.{{Cite journal |last=Savala |first=Joshua |date=2018 |title="Let Us Bring it with Love": Violence, Solidarity, and the Making of a Social Disaster in the Wake of the 1906 Earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx021 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=938–944 |doi=10.1093/jsh/shx021 |via=Project Muse}}

Some weeks after the earthquake, a Board for Reconstruction was formed, using money received from other countries.

Aftermath

In 1906, the Seismological Service of Chile (Servicio Sismológico de Chile) was created. Its first chief executive was Fernand de Montessus de Ballore.{{cite web|url=http://www.dgf.uchile.cl/montessus/valparaiso.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228011026/http://www.dgf.uchile.cl/montessus/valparaiso.html |archive-date=February 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |title=Fernand de Montessus de Ballore Primer Director del Servicio Sismológico, 1908–1923 |publisher=Seismological Service of Chile |language=Spanish |year=2006 |access-date=October 11, 2010 }}

The effects of this historic seismic event in the Valparaíso rupture zone would be studied and measurable in the context of further seismic activity in this vicinity.Korrat, (1986). {{Google books|JBh-MocjKuEC|pp. 247–258.|page=247}}

Notes

References

Das, Shamita; John Boatwright and C. H. Scholz. (1986). Earthquake Source Mechanics. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. {{ISBN|9780875904054}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/013526041 OCLC 13526041]

External links

[http://www.bomberosvalparaiso.cl/02_historia/03_hitos/03_terremoto.html Terremoto de 1906] in Valparaíso Fire Bureau's website ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110911003135/http://www.bomberosvalparaiso.cl/02_historia/03_hitos/03_terremoto.html archive]) {{in lang|es}}
{{EQ-isc-link|16957911}}

Valparaiso Earthquake, 1906

Category:1906 in Chile

Category:Natural disasters in Chile

Category:Megathrust earthquakes in Chile

Category:1900s tsunamis

Category:Valparaíso

Category:August 1906