1934 in the Soviet Union

• General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
• Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets – Mikhail Kalinin
• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – Vyacheslav Molotov

• 26 Jan–10 Feb – 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
• 18 September – Soviet Union joins the League of Nations as a permanent Board member{{cite web|title=USSR Joins the League of Nations|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619549|work=League of Nations|publisher=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library|accessdate=2021-11-20}}

• Plans for the new T-34 tank are first drawn up
• Second Five Year plan underway

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• 7 January – Viktor Pavlovich Potapov, military officer (d. 2021)
• 1 February – Marina Kondratyeva, ballerina (d. 2024)
• 2 February – Otar Iosseliani, Georgian film director (d. 2023 in Georgia)
• 9 March – Yuri Gagarin, first man in space (d. 1968 in the Soviet Union)
• 23 March – Ludvig Faddeev, physicist and mathematician (d. 2017)
• 7 April – Lev Anninsky, Russian literary critic, historian and screenwriter (d. 2019)
• 4 May – Tatiana Samoilova, actress (d. 2014)
• 8 May – Anastasiya Kobzarenko, librarian
• 29 August – Gennady Kazmin, politician (d. 2018)
• 4 September – Eduard Khil, baritone (d. 2012)
• 13 September – Tamara Milashkina, soprano (d. 2024)
• 16 September – Tamara Manina, artistic gymnast
• 8 December – Alisa Freindlich, actress

• 6 July – Nestor Makhno, anarchist, in exile (b. 1888)
• 1 December – Sergei Kirov, Bolshevik revolutionary and politician, assassinated (b. 1886)

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• 1934 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
• List of Soviet films of 1934
• T-34
• Soviet Union

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Category:1930s in the Soviet Union