1976 Summer Paralympics

{{Infobox Olympic games|1976|Summer|Paralympics|

| image = 1976 Paralympics Toronto.jpg

| image_size = 200px

| host_city = Toronto, Canada

| nations = 41

| athletes = 1,657 (1,404 men, 253 women)

| events = 447 in 13 sports

| opened_by = Lieutenant Governor Pauline McGibbon

| opening = 3 August 1976

| closing = 11 August 1976

| stadium = Woodbine Racetrack
Centennial Park Stadium

| summer_prev = Heidelberg 1972

| summer_next = Arnhem 1980

| winter_prev = Örnsköldsvik 1976

| winter_next = Geilo 1980

}}

The 1976 Summer Paralympics ({{langx|fr|Jeux paralympiques d'été de 1976}}), branded as Torontolympiad – 1976 Olympiad for the Physically Disabled, was the fifth Paralympic Games to be held. They were hosted by Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 3 to 11 August 1976, marking the first time a Paralympics was held in the Americas and in Canada. The games began two days after the close of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.

Context

This was the first time global politics interfered with the Paralympic Games. "The problem stemmed from the logic that admitting a team from South Africa was to give implicit approval for its government's attitude towards segregation and racism." Although the South African team at the time was a multi-racial one, the Canadian government withdrew its CAD 500.000 contribution and "matching amounts of funds were likely to be pulled out by the metropolitan government".{{Cite book| last=Bailey | first=Steve | title=Athlete First: A history of the paralympic movement | year=2008 | url=https://archive.org/details/athletefirsthist00bail | url-access=limited | publication-date=2008 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | pages=[https://archive.org/details/athletefirsthist00bail/page/n57 35]–36 | isbn=9780470058244}} The provincial government at Queen's Park eventually covered the tab.{{cite web|url=http://torontoist.com/2014/06/historicist-torontolympiad-76/|title=Historicist: Torontolympiad '76|website=Torontoist|date=7 June 2014|access-date=21 August 2016}}

Two groups, both with the same President - Ludwig Guttmann - were involved in the decision-making: the International Sports Organisation for the Disabled and the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. Guttman and Robert Jackson, Chairman of the Organizing Committee, worked to convince the Canadian government to honour their promises of support the teams without money to send their delegations and were largely successful. Nevertheless, a small number of African countries withdrew to participate in Paralympics, following on from the 1976 Summer Olympics when 25 countries boycotted the Games, and after this situation, those National Olympic Committees were threatened with exclusion from future events. Later, a series of efforts were made to develop a joint policy with the International Olympic Committee.

Rhodesia was not allowed to participate as the Canadian government refused to grant visas for the Rhodesian Paralympic team to attend the competition.{{cite journal|last=Little|first=Cliff|title=The Paralympic Protest Paradox: The Politics of Rhodesian Participation in the Paralympic Games, 1960–1980|journal=Pathways: Critiques and Discourse in Olympic Research|year=2008|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ISOR/isor2008p.pdf|access-date=18 May 2011|pages=123–131|archive-date=26 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826183313/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ISOR/isor2008p.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Venues

The opening of the 1976 games was held at Woodbine Race Track in north Etobicoke. There was no athletes' village, so competitors were housed at collegial campus of York University (Keele campus), University of Toronto (St. George Campus), and the CNIB national headquarters. Israeli athletes were housed in a fourth secret venue due the specific and undisclosed security concerns as the risk of a terrorist attack was real. Closing ceremonies and the athletics events took place at Centennial Park Stadium. Centennial Gymnasium and Centennial Park's Olympic Pool were the venues for the swimming events.

Media coverage

The 1976 games marked the first time that there was television coverage of Paralympic events. Some events were shown live, with daily bulletins shown to viewers in Southern Ontario.{{cite news|title=Untitled|work=Toronotolympiad|date=4 August 1976}}

Within the Toronto area, a small consortium of local cable companies (including Trillium Cable and Rogers Cable) carried the games on channel 10 after CTV and Global TV declined to carry them.

Sports

At the 1976 games, amputees and visually impaired athletes competed for the first time; previous editions of the Paralympic Games had included only wheelchair athletes. Within the sport of athletics, new wheelchair racing distances of 200 m, 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m were added. Shooting and goalball, both previously demonstration events, were included as official medal sports.{{cite web |title=Toronto 1976 |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |year=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/toronto-1976|access-date=2015-03-12 }}

Medal table

The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Canada, is highlighted.

{{Medals table

| caption =

| host =

| flag_template = FlagIPC

| event = 1976 Summer

| team =

| gold_USA = 66 | silver_USA = 44 | bronze_USA = 45

| gold_NED = 45 | silver_NED = 25 | bronze_NED = 14

| gold_ISR = 40 | silver_ISR = 13 | bronze_ISR = 16

| gold_FRG = 37 | silver_FRG = 34 | bronze_FRG = 26

| gold_GBR = 29 | silver_GBR = 28 | bronze_GBR = 37

| gold_CAN = 25 | silver_CAN = 26 | bronze_CAN = 26 | host_CAN = yes

| gold_POL = 24 | silver_POL = 17 | bronze_POL = 12

| gold_FRA = 23 | silver_FRA = 21 | bronze_FRA = 14

| gold_SWE = 21 | silver_SWE = 28 | bronze_SWE = 25

| gold_AUT = 17 | silver_AUT = 16 | bronze_AUT = 17

}}

Participating delegations

Forty-one delegations took part in the Toronto Paralympics. Burma, Colombia, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Indonesia and Luxembourg made their first appearances.{{cite web |title= Medal Standings – Toronto 1976 Paralympic Games |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |year=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/reports.html?type=medalstandings&games=1976PG&sport=all |access-date=2008-08-08}}

South Africa was competing at the Paralympics for the fourth time. Although banned from the Olympic Games due to its policy of apartheid, it was not banned from the Paralympics until 1980, and Canada, as host country, did not object to its participation. These were, however, to be its last Paralympics before the dismantling of apartheid; The Netherlands, as hosts of the 1980 Games, declared South Africa's further participation "undesirable".[http://www.iisg.nl/collections/anti-apartheid/history/jaren70-5.php "'The Netherlands against Apartheid' – 1970s"], International Institute of Social History[http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?npc=RSA&gender=all&medal=all&sport=all&games=all South Africa at the Paralympics], International Paralympic Committee