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1977 Soviet nuclear tests

{{short description|none}}

{{See also|List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union}}

{{Infobox nuclear weapons test

|name = 1977

|picture = Nuclear Blast Animation Rising Mushroom Cloud.gif

|picture_description = Nuclear blast animation

|country = Soviet Union

|test_site = Atyrau, Kazakhstan; Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Irkutsk, Russia; Krasnoyarsk, Russia; NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Zabaykalsky (then Chita), Russia

|period = 1977

|number_of_tests = 24

|test_type = underground shaft, tunnel

|max_yield = {{convert|120|ktTNT|lk=in}}

|previous_series = 1976 Soviet nuclear tests

|next_series = 1978 Soviet nuclear tests

}}

{{GeoGroup|article=1977 Soviet nuclear tests}}

The Soviet Union's 1977 nuclear test series was a group of 24 nuclear tests conducted in 1977. These tests A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". {{cite journal|first=V. N. |last=Mikhailov|title=Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing|publisher=Begell-Atom, LLC|url=http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/1.htm|access-date=2013-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426102201/http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/1.htm|archive-date=2014-04-26|url-status=dead}} followed the 1976 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1978 Soviet nuclear tests series.

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Soviet Union's 1977 series tests and detonations

style="background:#ffdead;" | Name The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.

!style="background:#efefef;" | Date time (UT)

!style="background:#ffdead;" | Local time zoneTo convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.{{cite web| title=Time Zone Historical Database| publisher=iana.com| url=http://www.ietf.org/timezones/| accessdate=March 8, 2014}}

!style="background:#efefef;" | LocationRough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.

!style="background:#ffdead;" | Elevation + height Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.

!style="background:#efefef;" | Delivery, Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
Purpose Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.

!style="background:#efefef;" | DeviceDesignations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.

!style="background:#ffdead;" | YieldEstimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).

!style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | FalloutRadioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

!style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable" | References

!style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Notes

458{{anchor|458}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|3|29}} 03:56:58

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 130 {{coord|49.97|78.086|name=458|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000460

}{{convert|460|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000240000|24 kt}}

|

|

| Supposed to be in the Sary-Uzen test area, simultaneous with 457 in Degelen.

|-

! 457 - 1{{anchor|457}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|3|29}} 03:56:59.95

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 707 {{coord|49.7704|78.0136|name=457 - 1|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000735|}}{{convert|735|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000250000|25 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 457 - 2{{anchor|457}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|3|29}} 03:57:00.0

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 707 {{coord|49.7704|78.0136|name=457 - 2|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000735|}}{{convert|735|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 457 - 3{{anchor|457}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|3|29}} 03:57:00.0

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 707 {{coord|49.7704|78.0136|name=457 - 3|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000735|}}{{convert|735|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
safety experiment

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000010|1000 kg}}

|

|

| Simultaneous with 458.

|-

! 459{{anchor|459}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|4|25}} 04:07:00.16

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 604p {{coord|49.8076|78.1144|name=459|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000770|}}{{convert|770|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000100000|10 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 460{{anchor|460}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|5|29}} 02:57:00.13

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1400 {{coord|49.94639|78.77167|name=460|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000440000|44 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 461{{anchor|461}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|6|29}} 03:07:00.24

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1080 {{coord|50.00211|78.86589|name=461|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000090000|9 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 462 Meteorit 2 (Meteorite){{anchor|462 Meteorit 2 (Meteorite)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|7|26}} 17:00:00.2

| style="text-align:center;" | KRAT (7 hrs)
|| Krasnoyarsk, Russia: M2 {{coord|69.575|90.375|name=462 Meteorit 2 (Meteorite)|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}} – {{convert|880|m|abbr=on}}

| underground shaft,
seismic sounding

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000150000|15 kt}}

|

|

| Seismic probing program.

|-

! 463 - 1{{anchor|463}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|7|30}} 01:57:00.11

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 175 {{coord|49.75|78.0399|name=463 - 1|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000682|}}{{convert|682|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000110000|11 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 463 - 2{{anchor|463}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|7|30}} 01:57:00.1

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 175 {{coord|49.75|78.0399|name=463 - 2|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000682|}}{{convert|682|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 464 Meteorit 5 (Meteorite){{anchor|464 Meteorit 5 (Meteorite)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|8|10}} 22:00:00.1

| style="text-align:center;" | YAKT (9 hrs)
|| Zabaykalsky (then Chita), Russia: M5 {{coord|50.955|110.983|name=464 Meteorit 5 (Meteorite)|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000195|}}{{convert|685|m|abbr=on}} – {{convert|490|m|abbr=on}}

| underground shaft,
seismic sounding

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000085000|8.5 kt}}

|

|

| Seismic probing program.

|-

! 465{{anchor|465}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|8|17}} 04:26:59.97

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 111 {{coord|49.82615|78.12007|name=465|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000640|}}{{convert|640|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000080000|8 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 466 Meteorit 3 (Meteorite){{anchor|466 Meteorit 3 (Meteorite)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|8|20}} 22:00:00.8

| style="text-align:center;" | KRAT (7 hrs)
|| Krasnoyarsk, Russia: M3 {{coord|64.108|99.558|name=466 Meteorit 3 (Meteorite)|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}} – {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}

| underground shaft,
seismic sounding

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000085000|8.5 kt}}

|

|

| Seismic probing program.

|-

! 467 - 1{{anchor|467}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|1}} 02:59:57.97

| style="text-align:center;" | MSK (3 hrs)
|| NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-17 {{coord|73.339|54.619|name=467 - 1|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} – {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|001200000|120 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 467 - 2{{anchor|467}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|1}} 02:59:58.0

| style="text-align:center;" | MSK (3 hrs)
|| NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-17 {{coord|73.339|54.619|name=467 - 2|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 467 - 3{{anchor|467}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|1}} 02:59:58.0

| style="text-align:center;" | MSK (3 hrs)
|| NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-17 {{coord|73.339|54.619|name=467 - 3|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 467 - 4{{anchor|467}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|1}} 02:59:58.0

| style="text-align:center;" | MSK (3 hrs)
|| NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-17 {{coord|73.339|54.619|name=467 - 4|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 468 - 1{{anchor|468}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|5}} 03:02:59.96

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1079 {{coord|50.05666|78.93845|name=468 - 1|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000780000|78 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 468 - 2{{anchor|468}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|5}} 03:03:00.0

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1079 {{coord|50.05666|78.93845|name=468 - 2|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
fundamental science

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 469 Meteorit 4 (Meteorite){{anchor|469 Meteorit 4 (Meteorite)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|10}} 16:00:00.2

| style="text-align:center;" | IRKT (8 hrs)
|| Irkutsk, Russia: M4 {{coord|57.251|106.551|name=469 Meteorit 4 (Meteorite)|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}} – {{convert|540|m|abbr=on}}

| underground shaft,
industrial

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000076000|7.6 kt}}

|

|

| Seismic probing program. 120 km NE Uzst-Kut.

|-

! 470 Galit A5 (Halite){{anchor|470 Galit A5 (Halite)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|9|30}} 06:59:58.4

| style="text-align:center;" | SHET (5 hrs)
|| Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-V {{coord|47.89717|48.16124|name=470 Galit A5 (Halite)|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}} – {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}}

| underground shaft,
industrial

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000100000|10 kt}}

|

|

| Create reservoirs for gas storage. Location looks like a subsidence crater.

|-

! 471{{anchor|471}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|10|9}} 10:59:58.12

| style="text-align:center;" | MSK (3 hrs)
|| NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-7P {{coord|73.409|54.927|name=471|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} – {{convert|160|m|abbr=on}}

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000050000|5 kt}}

| Venting detected off site, {{convert|3|kCi|TBq|abbr=on}}

|

|

|-

! 472 Galit A2.2 (Halite){{anchor|472 Galit A2.2 (Halite)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|10|14}} 06:59:59.1

| style="text-align:center;" | SHET (5 hrs)
|| Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-II-3 {{coord|47.909|47.912|name=472 Galit A2.2 (Halite)|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}} – {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}

| underground shaft,
industrial

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000001000|100 t}}

|

|

| Create reservoirs for gas storage. This shot was a fizzle.

|-

! 473 - 1{{anchor|473}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|10|29}} 03:06:59.97

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 136 {{coord|49.8265|78.0801|name=473 - 1|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000638|}}{{convert|638|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000420000|42 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 473 - 2{{anchor|473}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|10|29}} 03:07:00.0

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 136 {{coord|49.8265|78.0801|name=473 - 2|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000638|}}{{convert|638|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
fundamental science

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 474{{anchor|474}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|10|29}} 03:07:04.92

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1214 {{coord|50.04851|78.98633|name=474|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000500000|50 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 475 Galit A2.3 (Halite){{anchor|475 Galit A2.3 (Halite)}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|10|30}} 06:59:59.1

| style="text-align:center;" | SHET (5 hrs)
|| Atyrau, Kazakhstan: A-II-4 {{coord|47.909|47.912|name=475 Galit A2.3 (Halite)|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000000|}} – {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}}

| underground shaft,
industrial

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000001000|100 t}}

|

|

| Create reservoirs for gas storage. A fizzle.

|-

! 476{{anchor|476}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|11|12}} 05:11:00.0

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1073 {{coord|50.05222|78.86444|name=476|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 477{{anchor|477}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|11|27}} 03:57:00.0

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 18p {{coord|49.75725|78.05279|name=477|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000537|}}{{convert|537|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 478 - 1{{anchor|478}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|11|30}} 04:06:59.94

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Glubokaya {{coord|49.96722|78.87444|name=478 - 1|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000700000|70 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 478 - 2{{anchor|478}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|11|30}} 04:06:59.9

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Glubokaya {{coord|49.96722|78.87444|name=478 - 2|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} +

| underground shaft,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 479{{anchor|479}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|12|26}} 04:03:??

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 803 {{coord|49.81683|78.05366|name=479|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000722|}}{{convert|722|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 480 - 1{{anchor|480}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|12|26}} 04:03:00.24

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 123p {{coord|49.80554|78.11539|name=480 - 1|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000752|}}{{convert|752|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000060000|6 kt}}

|

|

|

|-

! 480 - 2{{anchor|480}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|12|26}} 04:03:00

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 122p {{coord|49.80621|78.11687|name=480 - 2|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000711|}}{{convert|711|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000010|1000 kg}}

|

|

|

|-

! 480 - 3{{anchor|480}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|12|26}} 04:03:00

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 122p {{coord|49.80621|78.11687|name=480 - 3|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000711|}}{{convert|711|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|-

! 480 - 4{{anchor|480}}

| {{dts|format=dmy|1977|12|26}} 04:03:00

| style="text-align:center;" | ALMT (6 hrs)
|| Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 122p {{coord|49.80621|78.11687|name=480 - 4|display=inline}}

| {{sort|000711|}}{{convert|711|m|abbr=on}} +

| tunnel,
weapons development

|

| style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}

|

|

|

|}

{{reflist|group=note}}

References

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite book| publisher=RFNC-VNIIEF| year=1996| title=USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990| location=Sarov, Russia}} The official Russian list of Soviet tests.

{{cite book| editor-last=Podvig| editor-first=Pavel| year=2001| title=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces| publisher=MIT Press| location=Cambridge, MA| isbn=9780262661812| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA453| accessdate=January 9, 2014}}

{{cite book| last1=Cochran| first1=Thomas B.| last2=Arkin| first2=William M.| first3=Robert S.| last3=Norris| first4=Jeffrey I.| last4=Sands| title=Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons| publisher=Harper and Row| location=New York, NY}}

{{cite journal| last1=Khalturin| first1=Vitaly I.| first2=Tatyana G.| last2=Rautian| first3=Paul G.| last3=Richards| year=2000| doi=10.1007/pl00001153| title=Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan| journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics| volume=158| pages=143–171| s2cid=128953780| url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf| accessdate=December 13, 2013| archive-date=March 4, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120004/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf| url-status=dead}}

{{cite tech report| last1=Yang| first1=Xiaoping| first2=Robert| last2=North| first3=Carl| last3=Romney|date=August 2000| title=CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)| publisher=SMDC Monitoring Research}}

{{cite tech report| first1=Won-Young| last1=Kim| first2=Paul G.| last2=Richards| first3=Vitaly| last3=Andrushkin| first4=Vladimir| last4=Ovtchinnikov| date=April 1, 2001| title=Borovoye digital seismogram archive for underground nuclear tests during 1966-1996| publisher=LDEO| url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/Monitoring/Data/Brv_arch_ex/brv_text_table.pdf|accessdate=December 13, 2013}}

{{cite tech report| title=Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4| date=December 1, 2004| publisher=IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security| url=http://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/waste-safety/north-test-site-final.pdf| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}

{{cite tech report|last1=Andrushkin |first1=Vitaly V. |first2=William |last2=Leith |date=September 1, 2001 |title=The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions |publisher=USGS |type=Open File Report 01-312 |url=http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf |accessdate=December 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080818/http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf |archivedate=May 9, 2013 }}

{{cite tech report| last1=Thurber| first1=Clifford| first2=Chad| last2=Trabant| first3=Florian| last3=Haslinger| first4=Renate| last4=Hartog| year=2001| doi=10.1016/s0031-9201(00)00215-6| title=Nuclear explosion locations at the Balapan, Kazakhstan, nuclear test site: the effects of high-precision arrival times and three-dimensional structure| journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors| volume=123| pages=283–301| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240373396_Nuclear_explosion_locations_at_the_Balapan_Kazakhstan_nuclear_test_site_the_effects_of_high-precision_arrival_times_and_three-dimensional_structure| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}

}}

1977

Category:1977 in the Soviet Union

Category:1977 in military history

Category:Explosions in 1977