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1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert

{{Short description|Expulsion of Armenians from Shusha and Azerbaijanis from Stepanakert}}

{{Infobox civilian attack

| title = 1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert

| partof = the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

| image = Nagorno_Karabakh03.png

| image_size = 300px

| caption = Map of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

| location = Shusha and Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union

| target = Armenian population of Shusha and Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert

| coordinates =

| date = September 18–20, 1988 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=09|day1=18|year1=1988|month2=09|day2=20|year2=1988}})

| type = Expulsion

| fatalities = 1

| injuries = 49

| perpetrators =

| motive =

}}

{{Campaignbox First Nagorno-Karabakh War}}

The 1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert was the expulsion of the ethnic Armenian population of Shusha and the ethnic Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert, in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in the Azerbaijani SSR, Soviet Union, from September 18 to 20, 1988.{{Cite web |url=http://karabakhrecords.info/documents_officials_zakluchenie-komiteta-po-pravam-cheloveka-rsfsr.html |title=Заключение Комитета ВС РСФСР по правам человека |trans-title=Conclusion of the Human Rights Committee of the RSFSR Supreme Council |date=April 24, 2012 |language=ru |archive-date=October 10, 2019 |website=Karabakh Records |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010193224/http://karabakhrecords.info/documents_officials_zakluchenie-komiteta-po-pravam-cheloveka-rsfsr.html }}[https://books.google.com/books?id=nrN077AEgzMC&dq=shusha+september+18+1988&pg=PA157 Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Том 1, by Uk Heo, Karl DeRouen, 2007] During the violence, 33 Armenians and 16 Azerbaijanis were wounded, more than 30 houses hed been set on fire, and a 61-year-old Armenian was killed.[https://books.google.com/books?id=aRJJ9qs6PeQC&dq=%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%AB+1988+septembe8&pg=PA143 Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia, By Mark Malkasian, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 143-144] At the end of the violence, 3,117 ethnic Azerbaijanis were forced to leave Stepanakert.{{Cite journal |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000004915181&view=1up&seq=149&size=125 |author=Bakinskiy Rabochiy |date=27 November 1988 |title=JPRS report. Soviet Union. Political affairs / Foreign Broadcast Information Service |journal=Political Affairs |publisher=The Service |page=156 }}

The events was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, carried out along the demands of the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh to secede from Azerbaijan and unify with Armenia.

Background

Throughout modern history the city of Shusha, known to Armenians as Shushi, mainly fostered a mixed Armenian–Azerbaijani population. Following the Shusha massacre in 1920, the Armenian population of the city was mostly killed or expelled, and the city reduced to a town with a dominant Azerbaijani population.S. Neil MacFarlane, Oliver Thränert,, Balancing hegemony: the OSCE in the CIS, Centre for International Relations, 1997, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KEshAQAAIAAJ 71]

Stepanakert, located in the Karabakh Plateau, was the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with an Armenian majority, and an Azerbaijani minority. According to the 1979 Soviet census, the city had a population of 38,980 people, mostly of Armenians, who constituted 87% of the total population, and more than four thousand Azerbaijanis.Yamskov A. N., Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh, Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union,(Oct., 1991), p. 645, "According to the estimates of T. Sarkisian, A. Vartanov, and G. Starovoitova, by early 1987 there were 133,200 Armenians in Nagomo-Karabakh (74 percent of the population) and 43,900 Azeris (24.4 percent of the population). The Azeris represented the following percentages of the population in the raions of Nagomo-Karabakh: Mardakertskii -— 14.8% (6,800), Askeranskii - 16.7% (3,000), Shushinskii - 90.1% (19,000), Martuninskii -— 22.7% (6,200), Gadrutskii -— 14.6% (2,100); Stepanakert City -— 12.8% (6,800)".

On March 1, Armenian refugees from Sumgayit arrived in Stepanakert, following the Sumgait pogrom. During the Summer-autumn of 1988 the wave of mutual violence in the NKAO grows. On September 18, 1988 a clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis occurred near the Azerbaijani village of Khojaly (NKAO); several Armenians received gunshot wounds, one Armenian was killed. According to Thomas de Waal, "the violence heralded disaster for the minority communities of Karabakh's two main towns, as all the Armenians were driven from Shusha and the Azerbaijanis were expelled from Stepanakert".[https://books.google.com/books?id=0OOgBwAAQBAJ&dq=Stepanakert++1988+violence&pg=PA69 Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 69] The exchange of populations took place as a result of clashes in Khojaly. In Stepanakert Armenians burned Azerbaijani houses, while in Shusha Azerbaijanis burned Armenian houses.

Since May 1988 this was the first anti-Armenian violence in Shusha. Armenian population of Shusha were subjected to tension.[https://artsakhlib.am/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Abrahamyan-Hrant-1988t.-Shushii-voxbergutyuny.pdf Hrant Abrahamyan, Tragedy of Shushi in 1988, Scientific Readings of ArSU, 2016, #1, pp. 4-6][https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Z2zB-ceSsC&dq=armenians+expelled+from+shusha+1988&pg=PA47 Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 47] A crowd of 600 people threatened to burn down houses of Armenians, destroyed their property.[https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Media/Galleries/Shushi-Shusha-living-in-a-symbol/Albert-Kachaturyan-e-Larisa-Gazaryan Shushi/Shusha, living in a symbol, OBC Transeuropa, 2020]

The expulsion of Azerbaijanis in Stepanakert also began on September 18, 1988, with 3,117 ethnic Azerbaijanis becoming refugees at the end of the month. The violence was accompanied by beatings and arson of houses. On September 21, the Soviet troops stationed in the city imposed a curfew to preserve the situation.{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm |title=Карабах: хронология конфликт |trans-title=Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict |date=August 29, 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711104919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website=BBC Russian |publisher=BBC |language=ru |url-status=live }}

References

= Citations =

{{Reflist}}

= Sources =

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{{Anti-Azerbaijanism}}

{{Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict}}

Category:Conflicts in 1988

Category:Anti-Azerbaijanism in Armenia

Category:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Category:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

Category:War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War

Category:1988 in Azerbaijan

Category:Stepanakert

Category:September 1988 in Asia

Category:Anti-Azerbaijani pogroms

Category:Anti-Armenian pogroms

Category:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan

Category:Racially motivated violence in Asia