1989 Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus attack

{{short description|1989 suicide attack on civilians by Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

{{Infobox civilian attack

| title = Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack

| partof = the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

| image = 405Memorial2016.JPG

| image_size = 250

| caption = Memorial site for the victims

| map = {{location map|Israel jerusalem|lat_deg=31|lat_min=48|lat_sec=02|lon_deg=35|lon_min=05|lon_sec=40|caption=|float=center}}

|map_caption=Location of the attack

| location = Near Kiryat Yearim, Israel

| target =

| native_name = הפיגוע בקו 405

| native_name_lang = he

| coordinates = {{coord|31|48|03|N|35|05|40|E|display=inline,title}}

| date = {{start date and age|1989|7|6|df=y}}

| time-begin =

| time-end =

| timezone = UTC+2

| type =

| fatalities = 16 civilians

| injuries = 27 civilians

| perp = Abd al-Hadi Rafa Ghanim

| assailant = Abd al-Hadi Rafa Ghanim

| numpart = 1

}}

The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 attack ({{Langx|he|הפיגוע בקו 405}}) was an attack that occurred on 6 July 1989, during the First Intifada, and was carried out by Abd al-Hadi Ghanim, a 25-year-old militant of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/this-week-in-history-terror-attack-on-bus-405|title=This Week In History: Terror attack on Bus 405|work=Jerusalem Post|date=July 2012 }} On a crowded Egged commuter bus line No. 405 en route from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, Ghanim seized the steering wheel of the bus, running it off a steep cliff into a ravine in the area of Qiryat Ye'arim. Sixteen civilians—including two Canadians and one American—died in the attack, and 27 were wounded.{{cite web|url=http://www.news1.co.il/Archive/001-D-206364-00.html?tag=09-17-36|script-title=he:פיגוע אוטובוס 405 [1989]|last=גדות|first=יפעת|date=6 July 2009|publisher=News1|language=he|access-date=6 July 2009}}

The incident has been described as the first Palestinian suicide attack, despite the survival of the attacker.{{Cite book |last1=Dzikansky |first1=Mordecai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iex_V2M2VB0C&dq=%22suicide+attack%22+bus+405&pg=PA31 |title=Terrorist Suicide Bombings: Attack Interdiction, Mitigation, and Response |last2=Kleiman |first2=Gil |last3=Slater |first3=Robert |date=10 October 2011 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-7131-7 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last1=Asal |first1=Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyRXEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22suicide+attack%22+bus+405&pg=PA3 |title=Insurgent Terrorism: Intergroup Relationships and the Killing of Civilians |last2=Phillips |first2=Brian J. |last3=Rethemeyer |first3=R. Karl |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-760701-5 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Aran |first=Gideon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0DREAAAQBAJ&dq=%22suicide+attack%22+bus+405&pg=PA35 |title=The Cult of Dismembered Limbs: Jewish Rites of Death at the Scene of Palestinian Suicide Terrorism |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-768914-1 |language=en}} It had also been described as a "commandeered crash" and an act with "definitional ambiguities", because the attack appeared to have been motivated by personal revenge.{{cite journal |author=LeVine, V. T. |date=1995 |title=The logomachy of terrorism: On the political uses and abuses of definition |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=45–59 |doi=10.1080/09546559508427317 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559508427317}} Despite this, the act was quickly labelled as terrorism by both sides in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict for political reasons.