1991 Ukrainian independence referendum
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox referendum
| country = Ukraine
| flag_year = 1991
| date = 1 December 1991
| title = Do you support the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine?
| image = Ukrainian independence referendum result.jpg
| caption = The result of the referendum in a bulletin.
| yes = 28,804,071
| no = 2,417,554
| total = 31,891,742
| electorate = 37,885,555
| map = 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum results.svg
| mapdivision = region
| map_caption = Results by region
Yes:{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
{{legend|#D4E5D3|50–60%}}
{{legend|#5EB75A|80–85%}}
{{legend|#40AB3C|85–90%}}
{{col-2}}
{{legend|#23A01E|90–95%}}
{{legend|#059400|95–100%}}
{{col-end}}
}}
A referendum on the Act of Declaration of Independence was held in Ukraine on 1 December 1991.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, page 1976 {{ISBN|9783832956097}} An overwhelming majority of 92% of voters approved the declaration of independence made by the Verkhovna Rada on 24 August 1991. The public vote was held in response to the failed August coup and the New Union Treaty not being signed.
Voters were asked "Do you confirm the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine?"Nohlen & Stöver, p1985 The text of the Declaration was included as a preamble to the question. The referendum was called by the Parliament of Ukraine to confirm the Act of Independence, which was adopted by the Parliament on 24 August 1991.[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/359102.shtml Historic vote for independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323105403/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/359102.shtml |date=2014-03-23 }}, The Ukrainian Weekly (1 September 1991) Citizens of Ukraine expressed overwhelming support for independence. In the referendum, 31,891,742 registered voters (or 84.18% of the electorate) took part, and among them 28,804,071 (or 92.3%) voted "Yes".
__TOC__
On the same day, a presidential election took place. In the month up to the presidential election, all six candidates campaigned across Ukraine in favour of independence from the Soviet Union, and a "Yes" vote in the referendum. Leonid Kravchuk, the parliament chairman and de facto head of state, was elected to serve as the first President of Ukraine.[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499101.shtml Independence – over 90% vote yes in referendum; Kravchuk elected president of Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083729/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499101.shtml |date=2017-10-19 }}, The Ukrainian Weekly (8 December 1991)
From 2 December 1991 onwards, Ukraine was globally recognized by other countries as an independent state.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LNvTSDQXFXgC&pg=PA100 Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition] by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|0742510182}} (page 100)[https://books.google.com/books?id=atpMYRcYBM4C&pg=PA371 Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992], University of British Columbia Press, 1993, {{ISBN|9780774804387}} (page 371)[https://books.google.com/books?id=oLWeUoWEAGgC&pg=PA355 Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820163552/https://books.google.com/books?id=oLWeUoWEAGgC&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2024-08-20 }} by Roman Szporluk, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0817995420}} (page 355 Also on 2 December, the President of the Russian SFSR Boris Yeltsin recognized Ukraine as independent.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rUBZZ6heYz0C&pg=PA482 Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985–2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820163446/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUBZZ6heYz0C&pg=PA482#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2024-08-20 }} by Gordon M. Hahn, Transaction Publishers, 2001, {{ISBN|0765800497}} (page 482)[https://history.state.gov/countries/ukraine A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204223821/https://history.state.gov/countries/ukraine |date=2009-02-04 }}, Office of the Historian[https://books.google.com/books?id=yW_Nu5iOE84C&pg=PA45 The Limited Partnership: Building a Russian-US Security Community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820163558/https://books.google.com/books?id=yW_Nu5iOE84C&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2024-08-20}} by James E. Goodby and Benoit Morel, Oxford University Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0198291612}} (page 48)[https://web.archive.org/web/20211031073836/http://wnu-ukraine.com/about-ukraine/history/ukrainian-independence Ukrainian Independence], Worldwide News Ukraine In a telegram of congratulations Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev sent to Kravchuk soon after the referendum, Gorbachev included his hopes for close Ukrainian cooperation and understanding in "the formation of a union of sovereign states".[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499103.shtml NEWSBRIEFS FROM UKRAINE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116220440/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499103.shtml |date=2020-11-16 }}, The Ukrainian Weekly (8 December 1991)
Ukraine was the second-most powerful republic in the Soviet Union both economically and politically (behind Russia), and its secession ended any realistic chance of Gorbachev keeping the USSR together. By December 1991 all former Soviet Republics except the RSFSR[https://books.google.com/books?id=sacq-LFeS9YC&pg=PA240 Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society] by Stephen K. White, Cambridge University Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0521587379}} (page 240) and the Kazakh SSR had formally seceded from the Union.[https://books.google.com/books?id=HFawiDzFG8MC&pg=PA101 Citizens in the Making in Post-Soviet States] by Olena Nikolayenko, Routledge, 2001, {{ISBN|0415596041}} (page 101) A week after his election, Kravchuk joined with Yeltsin and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich in signing the Belavezha Accords, which declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.[https://books.google.com/books?id=l_uAoNJiOMwC&pg=PA75 Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation] by Robert A. Saunders & Vlad Strukov, Scarecrow Press, 2010, {{ISBN|0810854759}} (page 75) The USSR officially dissolved on 26 December.[https://books.google.com/books?id=tMrEP4Y6whwC&pg=PA111 Turning Points – Actual and Alternate Histories: The Reagan Era from the Iran Crisis to Kosovo] by Rodney P. Carlisle and J. Geoffrey Golson, ABC-CLIO, 2007, {{ISBN|1851098852}} (page 111)
Results
File:Buleten 1991-12.jpg used in the referendum, with the text of the Declaration of Independence printed on it.]]
File:Ukr Referendum 1991 No.png
Ukrainian media had converted en masse to the independence ideal.
Polls showed 63% support for the "Yes" campaign in September 1991; that grew to 77% in the first week of October 1991 and 88% by mid-November 1991.[https://books.google.com/books?id=F_QMCypjpXwC&pg=PA128 Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith] by Andrew Wilson, Cambridge University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0521574579}} (page 128)
55% of the ethnic Russians in Ukraine voted for independence.[https://books.google.com/books?id=n_IantohIZkC&pg=PA178 The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820163458/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_IantohIZkC&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2024-08-20 }} by Daniel Treisman, Free Press, 2012, {{ISBN|1416560726}} (page 178)
{{Referendum results
|for=28804071
|against=2417554
|invalid=670117
|electorate=37885555
|source=Nohlen & Stöver
}}
=By region=
{{Politics of Ukraine}}
The Act of Independence was supported by a majority of participating voters in each of the 27 administrative regions of Ukraine: 24 oblasts, 1 autonomous republic, and 2 special municipalities (Kyiv City and Sevastopol City). Voter turnout was lowest in Eastern and Southern Ukraine. The six regions with the lowest percentage of "yes" votes were Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, and Odesa Oblasts, Crimea, and Sevastopol; all of those regions still had a majority of registered voters marking their ballots "yes", except for Crimea and Sevastopol.
Analysis
Some experts claim that the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum was the most immediate event that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to Brian D. Taylor, in the aftermath of the failed 1991 Soviet coup attempt, most of the Soviet republics adopted declarations of independence, the most important of which was that of Ukraine. By the end of September, eight republics had declared independence: Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Tajikistan and Armenia. These declarations of independence were largely symbolic and did not mean withdrawal from the union. Negotiations on the union continued for several months, but in the end, in the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, more than 90 per cent of Ukrainians voted for independence. Almost all observers agreed that serious federal discussions were impossible without Ukraine's participation.Brian D. Taylor, "The Soviet Military and the Disintegration of the USSR." Journal of Cold War Studies 5.1 (2003) 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1162/152039703320996713 On 6 December, shortly after Ukraine's independence referendum, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine adopted a new military oath pledging loyalty to Ukraine. On 13 December, Leonid Kravchuk proclaimed himself Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and declared that the Ukrainian Armed Forces would be formed from Soviet troops stationed in Ukraine.
According to Mark Kramer, Boris Yeltsin often expressed his willingness to accept the independence of the Baltic states and Georgia and Moldova, but wanted to preserve the Union. What deprived Yeltsin of this option was the surge of independence sentiment in Ukraine after the coup attempt. Following the successful independence referendum, Yeltsin's only way to preserve the Soviet Union would have been to use massive force against Ukraine. However, Yeltsin chose not to and instead recognised the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Mark Kramer, "The reform of the Soviet system and the demise of the Soviet state." Slavic Review 63.3 (2004) 507. https://doi.org/10.2307/1520339 and joined the Belovezha Accords and the Alma-Ata Protocol.Mark Kramer (2022) The Dissolution of the Soviet Union: A Case Study of Discontinuous Change, Journal of Cold War Studies, 24 (1):206, 214. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01059
According to Adrian Karatnycky, although Yeltsin thwarted the coup and brought down the Soviet Communist Party, it was Kravchuk and Ukraine that ultimately brought down the Soviet Union. Ukraine's rejection of Mikhail Gorbachev's Union Treaty led to the immediate collapse of the Soviet Union.Adrian Karatnycky, "The Ukrainian Factor", Foreign Affairs, 71.3 (1992), p.90. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045232
According to Peter J. Potichnyj, Yeltsin and Gorbachev consistently sabotaged Ukraine's independence. However, because the referendum was conducted in an open and democratic manner, it convinced Russia and world leaders that the Soviet system was no longer viable or sustainable.Peter J. Potichnyj, "The Referendum and Presidential Elections in Ukraine", Canadian Slavonic Papers, 33:2, (1991) 123~4, 127, 128~129, 132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.1991.11091956
According to Laura Blaj, the Ukrainian Communist Party rejected the Soviet reforms of Gorbachev and Yeltsin. This was a decisive factor in Ukraine's overwhelmingly positive vote. The Communist conservatives were allied with Ukrainian nationalists and the result of the Ukrainian referendum therefore led directly to the collapse of the Soviet Union.Laura Blaj, "Ukraine’s Independence and Its Geostrategic Impact in Eastern Europe", Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, 21.2-3 (2013) 165. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965156X.2013.841797
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- {{cite web|url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=1660%2D12|title=Law of Ukraine N 1660-XII on organization of referendum|language=Ukrainian|date=11 October 1991}}
- {{cite web|url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=1661%2D12|title=Law of Ukraine N 1661-XII on text for referendum|language=Ukrainian|date=11 October 1991}}
- "The funeral of the empire", Leonid Kravchuk, Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), 23 August – 1 September 2001. Available online [http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/356/32025/ in Russian]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} and [https://web.archive.org/web/20070315220829/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/nn/show/356/32025/ in Ukrainian].
- "Confide in people," Dr. Stanislav Kulchytsky, Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), 1–7 December 2001. Available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329215053/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/371/33033/ in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20060526213916/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/nn/show/371/33033/ in Ukrainian].
- Vitaliy Riaboshapka. "[https://politics.segodnya.ua/politics/referendum-chem-opasen-i-zachem-nuzhen-1367230.html Referendum in Ukraine: how it is dangerous and why it is even needed (Референдум в Украине: чем опасен и зачем вообще нужен)]". Segodnya. 1 December 2019
{{Ukrainian elections}}
{{1991 Independence of Ukraine}}
{{Soviet independence referendums}}
{{Fall of Communism}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Referendums in Ukraine
Category:1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution
Category:Referendums in the Soviet Union
Category:Dissolution of the Soviet Union