1998 United States embassy bombings

Many American sources concluded that the bombings were intended as revenge for U.S. involvement in the extradition and alleged torture of four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) who had been arrested in Albania in the two months prior to the attacks for a series of murders in Egypt.{{cite book |first=Jane |last=Mayer |title=The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How The War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-385-52639-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/darksideinsidest00maye/page/114 114] |url=https://archive.org/details/darksideinsidest00maye/page/114 }} Between June and July, Ahmad Isma'il 'Uthman Saleh, Ahmad Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Naggar, Shawqi Salama Mustafa Atiya, and Mohamed Hassan Tita were all renditioned from Albania to Egypt with the co-operation of the United States; the four men were accused of participating in the assassination of Rifaat el-Mahgoub, as well as a later plot against the Khan el-Khalili market in Cairo.{{cite web |first=Victoria |last=Advocate |author-link=Victoria Advocate |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3TIKAAAAIBAJ&pg=6853,2521016&dq=khan+el+khalili+market&hl=en |title=Bombings connect to mysterious arrests |date=August 13, 1998 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The following month, a communique was issued warning the United States that a "response" was being prepared to "repay" them for their interference.{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |title=A CIA-Backed Team Used Brutal Means to Crack Terror Cell |date=November 20, 2001 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1006205820963585440 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023101709/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1006205820963585440 |archive-date=October 23, 2017 }} However, the 9/11 Commission Report claims that preparations began shortly after Osama bin Laden issued his February 1998 fatwa.[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123013421/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf |date=November 23, 2015 }} p. 69

File:Nissan Atlas F22 001.JPG

According to journalist Lawrence Wright, the Nairobi operation was named after the Kaaba in Mecca; the Dar es Salaam bombing was called Operation al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, but "neither had an obvious connection to the American embassies in Africa. Bin Laden initially said that the sites had been targeted because of the 'invasion' of Somalia; then he described an American plan to partition Sudan, which he said was hatched in the embassy in Nairobi. He also told his followers that the genocide in Rwanda had been planned inside the two American embassies." Wright concludes that bin Laden's actual goal was "to lure the United States into Afghanistan, which had long been called 'The Graveyard of Empires.'"{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Wright |date=2006 |title=The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 |url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/272 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=0-375-41486-X |page=272}}

In the second half of 1999, Osama bin Laden spoke to a crowd of graduates from a training camp in Afghanistan about the attacks and explained the reasons for targeting the Nairobi embassy. Bin Laden said Operation Restore Hope in Somalia was directed from the Nairobi embassy and claimed the lives of 30,000 Muslims, the Southern Sudanese rebel leader John Garang was supported from there and it was the largest American Intelligence center in East Africa.{{cite book |last1=Soufan |first1=Ali |author-link1=Ali Soufan |last2=Freedman |first2=Daniel |date=2020 |title=The Black Banners (Declassified): How Torture Derailed the War on Terror after 9/11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tTXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-54072-7 |page=96}}

In May 1998, a villa in Nairobi was purchased by one of the bombers to enable a bomb to be built in the garage. Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan purchased a beige Toyota Dyna truck in Nairobi and a 1987 Nissan Atlas refrigeration truck in Dar es Salaam. Six metal bars were used to form a "cage" on the back of the Atlas to accommodate the bomb.{{cite book |last1=Benjamin |first1=Daniel |first2=Steven |last2=Simon |title=The Age of Sacred Terror |year=2002 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-375-50859-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj }}

In June 1998, KK Mohamed rented House 213 in the Illala district of Dar es Salaam, about {{Convert|4|miles|km|sigfig=1|spell=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} from the U.S. embassy. A white Suzuki Samurai was used to haul bomb components, hidden in rice sacks, to House 213.{{cite book|last1=Hamm|first1=Mark|title=Terrorism As Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond|date=2007|publisher=NYU Press|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkAdEJZou64C|access-date=June 23, 2016|isbn=9780814737453}}

In both Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, Mohammed Odeh supervised construction of two very large {{convert|900|kg|lb|adj=on|order=flip|sp=us}} destructive devices. The Nairobi bomb was made of 400 to 500 cylinders of TNT (about the size of drink cans), ammonium nitrate, aluminum powder, and detonating cord. The explosives were packed into twenty specially designed wooden crates that were sealed and then placed in the bed of the trucks. Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah ran a wire from the bomb to a set of batteries in the back of the truck cab and then to a detonator switch beneath the dashboard. The Dar es Salaam bomb was of slightly different construction: the TNT was attached to fifteen oxygen tanks and gas canisters and was surrounded with four bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and some sandbags to tamp and direct the blast.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkAdEJZou64C|title=Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond|first=Mark S.|last=Hamm|publisher=NYU Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8147-3696-8|page=66| access-date= September 13, 2011 }}

The bombings were scheduled for August 7, the eighth anniversary of the arrival of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia during the early stages of the Persian Gulf War, likely a choice by Osama bin Laden.{{cite book |first=Rohan |last=Gunaratna |year=2002 |title=Inside Al Qaeda |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12692-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/insidealqaedaglo00guna/page/46 46] |url=https://archive.org/details/insidealqaedaglo00guna/page/46 }}

When bin Laden's bodyguard asked him after the attacks whether so many victims were really necessary, he replied referring to al-Qaeda's 1996 and 1998 fatwas declaring war on America and Israel: "We warned the whole world what would happen to the friends of America. We weren't responsible for any victims from the minute we warned those countries."{{cite book |last=Bergen |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Bergen |date=2021 |title=The Rise and Fall of Osama bin Laden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWI7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-7052-3 |page=114}}

File:Kenya bombing 2.jpg

On August 7 between 10:30 a.m. and 10:40 a.m. local time (3:30–3:40 a.m. EDT), suicide bombers in trucks loaded with explosives parked outside the embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, and almost simultaneously detonated.{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/is/international_security/terrorism/embassy_bombings.html |title=U.S. Embassy Bombings |publisher=U.S. Department of State website |access-date=August 4, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805035833/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/international_security/terrorism/embassy_bombings.html |archive-date=August 5, 2007 |url-status=dead }} A total of 213 people were killed in the Nairobi blast, while 11 were killed in Dar es Salaam.{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/bombings/summary.html | title=Frontline: The trail of evidence - FBI executive summary | publisher=PBS.org | access-date=May 2, 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150121103806/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/bombings/summary.html | archive-date=January 21, 2015 | df=mdy-all }} An estimated 4,000 in Nairobi were wounded, and another 85 in Dar es Salaam.{{Cite web|title=Accountability Board Report: Nairobi-Tanzania Bombings -- Anti-US Mass Casualty Incidents|url=https://fas.org/irp/threat/arb/board_casualties.html|website=fas.org|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=September 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901032723/https://fas.org/irp/threat/arb/board_casualties.html|url-status=live}} Seismological readings analyzed after the bombs indicated energy of between {{convert|3|and|17|ST|MT|0|lk=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} of high-explosive material.{{cite web|url=http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge342/Forensic%20Seismology-revised.pdf|title=Some Practical Applications of Forensic Seismology|access-date=November 3, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190716/http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge342/Forensic%20Seismology-revised.pdf|archive-date=October 29, 2013}} Although the attacks were directed at U.S. facilities, the vast majority of casualties were local citizens of the two African countries. Twelve Americans were killed,{{cite news| title = Profiles of Americans killed in Kenya embassy bombing | publisher = CNN.com| date = August 13, 1998 | url = http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/13/bomb.victims.profile/| access-date = November 18, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061216220021/http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/13/bomb.victims.profile/ |archive-date=December 16, 2006 }} including two Central Intelligence Agency employees in the Nairobi embassy, Tom Shah (aka Uttamlal Thomas Shah) and Molly Huckaby Hardy,Associated Press, "Bin Laden raid avenged secret CIA deaths", Japan Times, May 30, 2011, p. 1. and one U.S. Marine, Sergeant Jesse "Nathan" Aliganga, a Marine Security Guard at the Nairobi embassy.{{Cite web|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jnaligana.htm/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205848/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jnaligana.htm|url-status=dead|title=Jesse Nathanael Aliganga|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-21934489.html/ |title=Fil-Am hero guard killed in Nairobi |website= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102101701/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-21934489.html |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} U.S. Army Sergeant Kenneth Ray Hobson II was one of the 12 Americans killed in the attack.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

While Azzam drove the Toyota Dyna quickly toward the Nairobi embassy along with Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali,{{cite book |last=Ressa |first=Maria |title=Seeds of Terror |year=2003 |location=New York |publisher=Free Press |isbn=0-7432-5133-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/seedsofterroreye00ress }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}} local security guard Benson Okuku Bwaku was warned to open the gate immediately and fired upon when he refused to comply. Al-Owhali threw a stun grenade at embassy guards before exiting the vehicle and running off.{{cite book |last=Katz |first=Samuel M. |title=Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists |location=New York |publisher=Forge/Tom Doherty |year=2002 |isbn=0-7653-0402-3 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}} Osama bin Laden later offered the explanation that it had been Al-Owhali's intention to leap out and shoot the guards to clear a path for the truck, but that he had left his pistol in the truck and subsequently ran off.{{page needed|date=August 2020}} As Bwaku radioed to Marine Post One for backup, the truck detonated.{{page needed|date=August 2020}}

The explosion damaged the embassy building and collapsed the neighboring Ufundi Building where most victims were killed, mainly students and staff of a secretarial college housed there. The heat from the blast was channeled between the buildings towards Haile Selassie Avenue where a packed commuter bus was burned. Windows were shattered in a radius of nearly {{convert|1/2|mi|m|abbr=in|sp=us}}. A large number of eye injuries occurred because people in buildings nearby who had heard the first explosion of the hand grenade and the shooting went to their office windows to have a look when the main blast occurred and shattered the windows.{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/stories/main080898.htm|title=www.washingtonpost.com: E. Africa Bombings Report|website=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121051035/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eafricabombing/stories/main080898.htm|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-30-mn-17966-story.html|title=Kenya's Blinded, Near-Blind Wait, Pray|date=1998-08-30|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-date=September 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901032842/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-30-mn-17966-story.html|url-status=live}}

Meanwhile, the Atlas truck that attacked the U.S. Embassy at 36 Laibon Road, Dar es Salaam was being driven by Hamden Khalif Allah Awad, known as "Ahmed the German" due to his blond hair, a former camp trainer who had arrived in the country only a few days earlier. The death toll was less than in Nairobi as the U.S. embassy was located outside the city center in the upscale Oysterbay neighborhood, and a water truck prevented the suicide bombers from getting closer to the structure.{{Cite web|url=https://irp.fas.org/threat/arb/board_daressalaam.html|title=Accountability Board Report: Nairobi-Tanzania Bombings -- Dar es Salaam|website=irp.fas.org|access-date=September 13, 2021|archive-date=September 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913000607/https://irp.fas.org/threat/arb/board_daressalaam.html|url-status=live}}

Following the attacks, a group calling itself the "Liberation Army for Holy Sites" took credit for the bombings. U.S. investigators believe the term was a cover used by Egyptian Islamic Jihad, who had actually perpetrated the bombing.Global Briefings, Issue 27, "Osama bin Laden tied to other Fundamentalists", September 1998.

File:US Embassy bombing memorial in Nairobi.jpg

File:1998 Nairobi bombing, State Magazine 2006-04- Iss 500 (IA sim state-magazine 2006-04 500) (page 17 crop).jpg containing the remains of an American killed in Nairobi]]

In response to the bombings, President Bill Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach, a series of cruise missile strikes on targets in Sudan and Afghanistan on August 20, 1998, announcing the planned strike in a prime-time address on U.S. television.{{Cite news|date=1998-08-21|title=U.S. FURY ON 2 CONTINENTS; Clinton's Words: 'There Will Be No Sanctuary for Terrorists'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/21/world/us-fury-2-continents-clinton-s-words-there-will-be-no-sanctuary-for-terrorists.html|access-date=2020-05-27|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711225321/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/21/world/us-fury-2-continents-clinton-s-words-there-will-be-no-sanctuary-for-terrorists.html|url-status=live}}

The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1189 condemning the attacks on the embassies.{{cite news|title=Security Council strongly condemns terrorist bomb attacks in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam on August 7|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19980813.sc6559.html|publisher=United Nations|date=August 13, 1998|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920153531/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19980813.sc6559.html|archive-date=September 20, 2014}}

Both embassies were heavily damaged and the Nairobi embassy had to be rebuilt. It is now located across the road from the United Nations Office at Nairobi for security purposes.

A memorial park was constructed on the former embassy site, dedicated on the third anniversary of the attack.{{Cite news |date=8 August 2001 |title=Fee for Kenya memorial raises ire |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24648261/1998_united_states_embassy_bombings/ |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=13 |agency=The Washington Post |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105223022/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24648261/1998_united_states_embassy_bombings/ |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Open access}} Public protest marred the opening ceremony after it was announced that the park, including its wall inscribed with the names of the dead, would not be free to the public.

Within months following the bombings, the United States Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security added Kenya to its Antiterrorism Assistance Program (ATA), which was originally created in 1983. While the addition was largely a formality to reaffirm U.S. commitment to fighting terrorism in Kenya, it nonetheless sparked the beginning of an active bilateral antiterrorism campaign by the United States and Kenya. The U.S. government also rapidly and permanently increased the monetary aid to Kenya. Immediate changes included a $42 million grant targeted specifically towards Kenyan victims.{{cite web|title=United States Aid to Kenya: Regional Security and Counterterrorism |url=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/393/united-states-aid-to-kenya-regional-security-and-counterterrorism-assistance-before-and-after-911- |access-date=June 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309083551/http://studentpulse.com/articles/393/united-states-aid-to-kenya-regional-security-and-counterterrorism-assistance-before-and-after-911- |archive-date=March 9, 2011 }}

{{main|Opati v. Republic of Sudan}}

In 2001, James Owens and others filed a civil lawsuit against Sudan for its role in the attack under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act with the recently-added 1996 amendments for state-sponsored terrorism. They argued that Sudan was at fault for providing sanctuary to the bombers prior to the attack. The lawsuit was prolonged over a decade, hampered in part by the lack of Sudan sending counsel at times, but further struggled when the legal system ruled that foreign nations had sovereign immunity from causes of action in civil lawsuits based on the current language of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in a 2004 case. Congress amended the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in 2008 to correct this and to allow its provisions to retroactively apply to existing lawsuits, including Owens' case. With that, hundreds more plaintiffs joined the suit, eventually with more than 700 parties listed.{{cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-sudan/u-s-supreme-court-to-mull-punitive-damages-against-sudan-over-embassy-bombings-idUSKCN1TT20W | title = U.S. Supreme Court to mull punitive damages against Sudan over embassy bombings | first = Andrew | last = Chung | date = June 28, 2019 | access-date = May 18, 2020 | publisher = Reuters | archive-date = September 1, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200901151707/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-sudan/u-s-supreme-court-to-mull-punitive-damages-against-sudan-over-embassy-bombings-idUSKCN1TT20W | url-status = live }} By 2014, the district court awarded the plaintiffs over $10 billion. Sudan, which had not appeared during the initial lawsuit, appealed the judgment, arguing it did not understand the US civil suit system and did not understand the consequences of not appearing, but also challenged the retroactive nature of the 2008 change to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. The appeals court discounted Sudan's argument regarding its lack of understanding, and upheld the lower court's finding that Sudan was liable for the bombings, but ruled that the $4.3 billion of punitive damages could not be applied retroactively. The plaintiffs petitioned to the Supreme Court to appeal, and in May 2020, the Court ruled in Opati v. Republic of Sudan that the punitive damages could be retroactively applied, restoring the $4.3 billion that had been awarded at the District Court.{{cite web | url = https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/supreme-court-revives-4-3-billion-terror-award-against-sudan | title = Supreme Court Revives $4.3 Billion Terror Award Against Sudan | first = Kimberly Strawbridge | last = Robinson | date = May 18, 2020 | access-date = May 18, 2020 | work = Bloomberg News | archive-date = May 21, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200521122729/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/supreme-court-revives-4-3-billion-terror-award-against-sudan | url-status = live }}

In October 2020, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would remove Sudan from the State Sponsors of Terrorism list, after they had agreed to pay $335{{Nbsp}}million in compensation to the families of victims of the embassy bombings.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54609375 |title=Trump set to remove Sudan from state sponsors of terrorism list |website=BBC News |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225075029/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54609375 |url-status=live }}

File:1998 Embassy Bombings memorial - Arlington National Cemetery.jpg]]

Following the investigation, an indictment was issued. It charges the following 21 people for various alleged roles in the bombings.{{cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf |title=United States v. Osama bin Laden, et al. |work=(indictment). Provided by the Monterey Institute of International Studies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906010435/http://cns.miis.edu/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf |archive-date=September 6, 2012 }} 20 of the cases have been resolved.

{{Portal|Kenya|Tanzania|United States|Politics|1990s}}

• List of terrorist incidents in 1998
• List of Islamist terrorist attacks
• Terrorism in Kenya
• 1998 World Cup terror plot

{{Clear}}

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite news

|url = https://www.courthousenews.com/sudan-on-the-hook-for-terrorism-judgments/

|title = Sudan On the Hook for Terrorism Judgments

|work = Courthouse News

|author = Nick Divito

|date = March 25, 2016

|location = Washington DC

|access-date = July 29, 2017

|quote = Between March and October 2014, the D.C. District Court entered judgments of more than $10 billion on behalf of relatives and victims who had filed seven complaints after the attacks.

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170731171538/https://www.courthousenews.com/sudan-on-the-hook-for-terrorism-judgments/

|archive-date = July 31, 2017

|df = mdy-all

}}

{{cite news

|url = https://www.courthousenews.com/d-c-circuit-lightens-sudans-load-terrorism-judgments/

|title = D.C. Circuit Lightens Sudan's Load on Terrorism Judgments

|work = Courthouse News

|author = Adam Klasfeld

|date = July 28, 2017

|location = Washington DC

|access-date = July 29, 2017

|quote = On appeal, Sudan advanced several arguments for its district court no-show. The county had to grapple with natural disasters and civil wars, and argued it did not understand the U.S. legal process enough to appreciate the consequences of its absence.

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729015033/http://www.courthousenews.com/d-c-circuit-lightens-sudans-load-terrorism-judgments/

|archive-date = July 29, 2017

|df = mdy-all

}}

{{cite news

|url = https://www.law360.com/articles/776043?_ga=2.27539386.701500170.1501415151-1384552593.1501415151

|title = D.C. Judge Upholds $10B Against Sudan In Embassy Bombings

|work = Law360

|author = Patrick Boyle

|date = March 24, 2016

|location = Washington DC

|access-date = July 29, 2017

|quote = A D.C. federal judge Wednesday upheld $10 billion in damages to victims of the 1998 U.S. embassy terrorist bombings who had accused Sudan of supporting the attacks, declaring the country had no grounds to overturn the award after failing to respond to the lawsuits for four years.

|url-status = live

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170731063956/https://www.law360.com/articles/776043?_ga=2.27539386.701500170.1501415151-1384552593.1501415151

|archive-date = July 31, 2017

|df = mdy-all

}}

}}

• {{cite book |last=Bushnell |first=Prudence |author-link=Prudence Bushnell |date=2018 |title=Terrorism, Betrayal, and Resilience: My Story of the 1998 U.S. Embassy Bombings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N91qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-1-64012-483-7}}
• {{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Tod |date=2014 |title=Al Qaeda Declares War: The African Embassy Bombings and America’s Search for Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9widAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |location=Lebanon |publisher=University Press of New England |isbn=978-1-61168-546-6}}

• [http://www.rewardsforjustice.net Rewards for Justice – Most Wanted Terrorists]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20011105035531/http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/binladen/usbinldn101801.pdf Transcripts of Sentencing Phase of Embassy Bombers Trial]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20010608152510/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/embassy_bombing/ Primer on the attacks]
• [https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/iran-responsible-for-1998-us-embassy-bombings/2011/12/08/gIQAuEAAfO_story.html U.S. District Court for DC finds "direct assistance" from Tehran, Sudan and Hezbollah in bombing]
• [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mfdip:@field(DOCID+mfdip2010bus02) Oral History with Ambassador Prudence Bushnell to the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training on the embassy bombings]

{{Nairobi}}

{{Dar es Salaam}}

{{Al-Qaeda}}

{{Osama bin Laden}}{{Presidency of Bill Clinton}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United States embassy bombings, 1998}}

Category:1990s in Nairobi

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Category:1998 crimes in Tanzania

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1998 United States embassy bombings

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Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Kenya

Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Tanzania

1998

Category:August 1998 crimes

Category:August 1998 in Africa

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Category:Car and truck bombings in Kenya

Category:Explosions in Nairobi

Category:History of Dar es Salaam

1998

Category:Islamic terrorism in Kenya

Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 1998

Embassy bombings

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Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton

1998

Category:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1998

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Category:Terrorist incidents in Nairobi

1998