1999 Independence Day weekend shootings

{{Short description|Shooting spree in Illinois and Indiana, United States}}

{{Infobox civilian attack

| title = 1999 Independence Day weekend shootings

| location = Chicago, Skokie, and Decatur, Illinois
Bloomington, Indiana

| date = July 2–4, 1999

| target = Jews and racial minorities

| type = Spree shooting

| weapons =

Bryco .380-caliber pistol
Ruger .22-caliber pistol

| fatalities = 3 (including the perpetrator)

| injuries = 10

| assailant = Benjamin Nathaniel Smith

| motive = White supremacy, antisemitism, racial hatred

}}

During the weekend of July 4, 1999, white supremacist Benjamin Smith targeted Orthodox Jews and members of racial and ethnic minorities in a three-day drive-by shooting rampage in the U.S. states of Illinois and Indiana, after which he committed suicide. Smith was member of the neo-Nazi World Church of the Creator.

Events

Smith was a follower of the white supremacist organization now known as the Creativity Movement, and was a devoted disciple of the group's leader Matthew Hale. Two days after Hale was denied a license to practice law in Illinois, Smith loaded his light blue Ford Taurus with guns and ammunition and went on a three-day, two-state shooting spree, killing two people and wounding nine others.Walsh, Edward (July 6, 1999) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/hatecrimes/stories/hatecrimes070699.htm "Racial Slayer Killed Himself in Struggle "] The Washington Post

On the evening of Friday, July 2, Smith shot and wounded nine Orthodox Jews in drive-by shootings in the West Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago. Smith then shot and killed former Northwestern University basketball coach Ricky Byrdsong, an African-American, in front of two of his three children, while they were walking outside Byrdsong's Skokie, Illinois, home.

The next day, Smith traveled to Urbana, Springfield and then Decatur, where he shot and wounded an African-American minister.

On Sunday, July 4, Smith traveled to Bloomington, Indiana, where he killed Won-Joon Yoon, a 26-year-old Korean graduate student in economics at Indiana University, who was on his way to the Korean United Methodist Church.Michael H. Stone & Gary Brucato. The New Evil: Understanding the Emergence of Modern Violent Crime (Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2019), pp. 74-78. Smith shot at but missed another nine people. On Sunday, July 4, fleeing the police in a high-speed chase on a southern Illinois highway, Smith shot himself twice in the head and crashed his automobile into a metal post. He then shot himself again, in the heart, this time fatally. He was pronounced dead at the hospital.

Perpetrator

Benjamin Nathaniel Smith (March 22, 1978 – July 4, 1999) was born and raised in Wilmette, Illinois. He attended high school at New Trier Township High School. During this time he accosted a Skokie, Illinois, police officer and pleaded guilty to two counts of misdemeanor battery.{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/07/25/the-making-of-a-racist/|title=THE MAKING OF A RACIST|author1=Kirsten Scharnberg|author2=Evan Osnos|author3=David Mendell|work=Chicago Tribune}} He transferred to Mary D. Bradford High School in Kenosha for his senior year. He did not pose for a photograph in his senior yearbook, but in his class statement he wrote, "Sic semper tyrannis" (Thus always to tyrants). This phrase was shouted by John Wilkes Booth after he assassinated President Abraham Lincoln.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/06/us/midwest-gunman-had-engaged-in-racist-acts-at-2-universities.html|title=Midwest Gunman Had Engaged In Racist Acts at 2 Universities|last=Dedman|first=Bill|date=1999-07-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}

After graduating, Smith attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Smith dropped out of the university in 1998 after several conflicts with campus authorities. After dropping out, he transferred to Indiana University in Bloomington. Police reported that Smith was known for passing out hate-filled fliers against Jews, blacks and Asians on university campuses. In October 1998, Smith was the subject of a story on his university's public broadcasting station.{{Cite web |title=CNN - Suspected shooter said his hate-filled leaflets spoke 'the truth' - July 6, 1999 |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9907/06/smith.profile.01/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.cnn.com}}

Aftermath

Around 2,000 people attended Won-Joon Yoon's memorial service at the Indiana University Musical Arts Center on July 12, 1999. Attorney General of the United States Janet Reno spoke at the memorial service.{{Cite web |date=1999-07-14 |title=Indiana Shooting Victim Mourned |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jul-14-na-55727-story.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Won-Joon Yoon Remembered |url=https://economics.indiana.edu/alumni-giving/newsletters/2019-fall/news/woon-remembered.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Department of Economics |language=en}} IU created a scholarship to honor Won-Joon. Every July 4, the Korean United Methodist Church holds an early morning service to remember Yoon who was murdered on his way to the church's Sunday service.{{Cite web |title=20 years after slaying of Won-Joon Yoon, prayers to end violence still going up |url=https://www.heraldtimesonline.com/story/news/crime/2019/07/04/20-years-after-slaying-of-won-joon-yoon-prayers-to-end-violence-still-going-up/46646717/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=The Herald-Times |language=en-US}}

Ricky Byrdsong's widow established The Ricky Byrdsong Foundation to "arrest the growing epidemic of hate and violence in our society by and against our youth."{{Cite web |title=Race Against Hate 2019 |url=http://events.ywcae-ns.org/site/TR?sid=1022&pg=informational&fr_id=1090 |website=events.ywcae-ns.org}} The foundation holds a number of events in and around Evanston; the most well-known is the Race Against Hate, a 5K running race held annually in late June in Evanston. The Race Against Hate race draws several thousand runners. In 2009, a 10,000-meter running race was added in honor of the 10th anniversary of the Race Against Hate.{{Cite web |title=Race Against Hate 2019 |url=http://events.ywcae-ns.org/site/TR/Events/General?pg=entry&fr_id=1090 |website=events.ywcae-ns.org}}

One of the victims has filed a lawsuit against the World Church of the Creator and its leader Matthew Hale, Smith's parents, and the person who has been charged with selling guns to Smith without a license.{{Cite news |title=Shooter Left Journal |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/07/11/shooter-left-journal/dd712d40-88b5-408a-bd08-7424ea6f9a86/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |issn=0190-8286}}

A chapter of Lone Wolf (a study of spree killers), by Pan Pantziarka, is devoted to Smith and his crimes. Invisible Revolution, a documentary by filmmaker Beverly Peterson, features an interview with Smith less than two weeks before his killing spree. The film includes scenes of Smith distributing World Church of the Creator leaflets in his home town and saying, "If they violate our constitutional rights and say we can't put out our literature, we have no choice but to resort to acts of violence and really to plunge this country into a terrorist war they've never seen before."{{cite news |last=Baudner |first=David |date=July 8, 1999 |title=Interviews with racist aired on Tv |newspaper=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/80ef6b1053b5752726b2ac60e5749e0f}}