20-N
{{Other uses|20N (disambiguation)}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2021}}
{{History of Spain}}
20-N is a symbolic abbreviation used to denote the date of death of two far-right figures in 20th-century Spanish history. The first date, 20 November 1936, near the end of the first year of the Spanish Civil War, marks the execution in Alicante of 33-year-old José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the fascist party, Falange Española (Spanish Phalanx), who became extolled as a cult figure during the years of post-civil war Francoist Spain led by Francisco Franco.
The second date, 39 years later, is 20 November 1975, when Generalísimo Franco – aged 82, and having ruled Spain for close to four decades as its dictator, or as he called himself, caudillo (Spanish for leader) – died in bed following a lengthy illness. {{weasel-inline|reason=What specific far right groups? Where are the demonstrations?|text=The date continues to be commemorated by far-right groups which mark it by organizing public demonstrations.|date=April 2025}}
== Other incidents ==
- The same day also proved to be fatal to Primo de Rivera's political opposite, 40-year-old Buenaventura Durruti, a key leader of Spain's two largest anarchist organizations, Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation) and the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labor). Durruti's death occurred, according to his chauffeur, in the midst of distant gunfire in the trenches of Madrid.
- The Spanish general election on November 20, 2011 coincided with the 75th anniversary of Primo de Rivera's execution and the 36th anniversary of Franco's death.
- November 20 is also the anniversary of the assassination of Basque nationalist politicians Santiago Brouard, murdered in 1984, and Josu Muguruza, assassinated in 1989. In both cases {{according to whom|it is believed that the date of the assassination was symbolically chosen to coincide with 20-N.|date=April 2025}}
In popular fiction
- And in the Third Year, He Rose Again is a 1980 satirical film based in a novel by Fernando Vizcaíno Casas. On 20 November 1978, Franco rises from the dead.{{cite web |last1=Franch |first1=Ignasi |title=Se cumplen 40 años de una comedia facha sobre Franco resucitado |url=https://www.elsaltodiario.com/cine/tercer-ano-resucito-franco-pelicula-franquista-rafael-gil-comedia-facha-franco-resucitado |website=www.elsaltodiario.com |access-date=27 October 2022 |language=es}}
References
- Payne, Stanley G. (1961) Falange. A History of Spanish Fascism. Stanford University Press.
- Thomas, Hugh. "The Hero in the Empty Room: Jose Antonio and Spanish Fascism," Journal of Contemporary History (1966) 1#1 pp. 174–182 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/259655 in JSTOR].
- Velarde Fuertes, Juan. "José Antonio y la economía" Grafite ediciones. {{ISBN|84-96281-10-8}}.
- Hugh Thomas The Spanish Civil War. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd., 1965.
- Emma Goldman [http://libcom.org/library/durruti-is-dead-yet-living-emma-goldman Durruti is Dead, Yet Living] (1936).
- Antony Beevor The Spanish Civil War (1982).
- Abel Paz Durruti in the Spanish Revolution, Translated by Chuck W. Morse, AK Press, 2007. {{ISBN|1-904859-50-X}}.
- Pedro de Paz [http://www.pedrodepaz.com/textos/libros/durruti_i.shtml?3 The Man Who Killed Durruti] Read and Noir (2005).
- Hans Magnus Enzensberger The Short Summer of Anarchy: Life and Death of Buenaventura Durruti (1972) (originally: Der kurze Sommer der Anarchie: Buenaventura Durrutis Leben und Tod).
- Collective work Buenaventura Durruti, a double CD [http://www.natomusic.fr/catalogue/musique-jazz/cd/nato-disque.php?id=119] nato, (1996).
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External links
{{Portal|Biography|Spain|Politics}}
- {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530102850/http://www.plataforma2003.org/ Plataforma2003.org]}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20091031061950/http://www.espanafreetv.com/documents/film_directors.html Buenaventura Durruti in the Spanish Revolution. Biopic by Paco Rios based on the book by Abel Paz]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707154626/http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/Durruti.htm Buenaventura Durruti] at the Anarchist Encyclopedia.