2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak

In May, 2003, a three-year-old Wisconsin resident was bitten by a prairie dog purchased from a local pet store.{{cite news |last1=Spice |first1=Linda |title=13 Sick After Prairie Dog Contact; Milwaukee Pet Store Employee, Two Others Remain Hospitalized |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/State/jun03/146134.asp |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=6 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009135623/http://www.jsonline.com/news/State/jun03/146134.asp |archive-date=9 October 2003}} [https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20030627_RS21557_7f686249a9b8eb61db84ad52bdfec245a199b472.pdf Cited Here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017233309/https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20030627_RS21557_7f686249a9b8eb61db84ad52bdfec245a199b472.pdf |date=17 October 2020 }} (PDF) The child was hospitalized after developing fever of unknown origin ({{convert|103|F}}), swollen eyes, and a red vesicular skin rash. The child's parents also developed a rash, but no other symptoms.Todd Richmond. Four Get Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs." Associated Press. 6/11/2003. Physicians immediately associated the symptoms with the animal bite and reported the case to the Milwaukee Health Department. Testing of both the child and the prairie dog confirmed the monkeypox virus as the causative agent.{{cite journal | last=Ligon | first=B.Lee | title=Monkeypox: A review of the history and emergence in the Western hemisphere | journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=15 | issue=4 | year=2004 | issn=1045-1870 | doi=10.1053/j.spid.2004.09.001 | pages=280–287| pmid=15494953 | pmc=7129998 }}

Between May 15, 2003, when the three-year-old index patient was first diagnosed through June 20, the date of the last patient with a laboratory-confirmed case of monkeypox, a total of 71 people ranging in age from 1 to 51 were infected.

On April 9, 2003, a Texas importer received a shipment of 762 African rodents from Accra, Ghana, which included rope squirrels (Funiscuirus sp.), tree squirrels (Heliosciurus sp.), Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys sp.), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus sp.), dormice (Graphiurus sp.), and striped mice (Hybomys sp.). Of these 762 rodents, 584 (77%) were shipped to distributors in six US states: Texas (9), New Jersey (1), Iowa (1), Japan (1), Illinois (2), Minnesota (1) and Wisconsin (1). The remaining 178 (23%) rodents could not be traced due to lack of documentation. CDC laboratory testing of animals from this shipment confirmed monkeypox by PCR and virus isolation in one Gambian rat, three dormice, and two rope squirrels.

Illinois distributor number one received Gambian rats and dormice and housed the rodents with 200 prairie dogs. This distributor shipped prairie dogs to pet stores in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, South Carolina, and Michigan. No human cases of monkeypox were reported in Japan, Michigan, and South Carolina. Laboratory-confirmed cases occurred only in Kansas (1), Missouri (2), Indiana (16), Illinois (12), and Wisconsin (22).

Of the 200 prairie dogs housed with the Gambian rats and dormice, 93 tested positive for monkeypox virus, including prairie dogs in pet stores in Wisconsin (42 cases), Indiana (24), Illinois (14), Kansas (1), Missouri (1), and one case in the eastern seaboard state of New Jersey. The Gambian rats and dormice housed with the prairie dogs at Illinois distributor number one tested positive for monkeypox virus.

The most recent incidence of monkeypox prior to the Midwest outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1996–1997, with a reported 88 cases.Y.J.F. Hutin, R.J. Williams, P. Malfait, et al., Outbreak of Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996-1997. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(3) May–June 2001. No deaths occurred in the Midwest outbreak. This was attributed to the prompt medical care received and the standard of living in the United States, which includes soap, running water, washing machines, sterile dressing materials, and hospital use of universal precautions, including isolation, gown, mask, gloves, and handwashing.Todd Richmond. Four Get Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs. Associated Press. June 11, 2003.

No human-to-human transmission was found during this outbreak. All cases were found to be the direct result of contact with infected prairie dogs.

The onset of the illness among affected persons in the United States began in early May 2003. People typically experienced fever, headaches, muscle aches, chills, and nonproductive coughs, followed 1–10 days later by a generalized papular rash which developed first on the trunk, then limbs and head. The papules evolved through phases of vesiculation, pustulation, umbilication, and crusting. All persons reported direct or close contact with recently acquired prairie dogs.Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, and Guffey J. (2003), "A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values"; Pediatr Infect Dis J;22(12): 1093–1096; discussion 1096–1098.

As no direct antiviral treatment for monkeypox was known, only supportive care and prevention of secondary infection was recommended.{{cite journal | last1=Rizk | first1=John G. | last2=Lippi | first2=Giuseppe | last3=Henry | first3=Brandon M. | last4=Forthal | first4=Donald N. | last5=Rizk | first5=Youssef | title=Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox | journal=Drugs | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=82 | issue=9 | year=2022 | issn=0012-6667 | doi=10.1007/s40265-022-01742-y | pages=957–963| pmid=35763248 | pmc=9244487 }}

In the Midwest outbreak, the CDC issued guidance on the use of smallpox vaccine, Cidofovir, and Vaccinia immune globulin. Thirty residents in six states received the smallpox vaccination. This included 28 adults and two children. Vaccine was given before exposure to seven persons (three veterinarians, two laboratory workers, and two health-care workers) and after exposure to 23 persons (10 health-care workers, seven household contacts, three laboratory workers, one public health veterinarian, one public health epidemiologist, and one work contact). Three (10%) reported rash within 2 weeks of vaccination.

To prevent monkeypox virus from entering into the United States again, the Centers for Disease Control banned the importation of implicated African rodents.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued orders banning the interstate shipment of prairie dogs and all African rodents.{{cite web | title=Bringing an Animal into U.S. | website=CDC | date=2019-02-19 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/importation/bringing-an-animal-into-the-united-states/african-rodents.html | access-date=2024-06-29}} The bans were later lifted in 2008.{{cite web | url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2008-09-08/html/E8-20779.htm | title=Federal Register, Volume 73 Issue 174 (Monday, September 8, 2008) }}

• Monkeypox virus
• 1964 outbreak of mpox at Rotterdam Zoo
• 2022–2023 mpox outbreak
• 2023–2024 mpox epidemic
• Zoonosis
• Fomite

{{Reflist}}

{{Medical resources

| ICD10 = B04

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|059.01}}

}}

• [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/149.html Viralzone: Orthopoxvirus]
• [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.spg?decorator=pox Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae]
• [https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/factsheet.htm CDC - Monkeypox Fact Sheet]
• [https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/qa.htm CDC Questions and Answers About Monkeypox]
• [http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVDNApox.html Virology.net Picturebook: Monkeypox] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028204824/http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVDNApox.html |date=2005-10-28 }}

{{Zoonotic viral diseases |state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Mpox outbreaks

Category:2003 disease outbreaks

Category:Disease outbreaks in the United States

Monkeypox

Category:History of the Midwestern United States

fr:Variole du singe#Épidémie de 2003 (États-Unis)