2011 raid on Camp Ashraf

Camp Ashraf is located northeast of the Iraqi town of Khalis, about 120 kilometers west of the Iranian border and 60 kilometers north of Baghdad in Iraq's Diyala Governorate. This was the base of the PMOI during the attack. The camp was named in honor of Ashraf Rajavi, a prominent political prisoner during the Shah's regime, who was later killed by the clerical regime on February 8, 1982.{{cite web |url=https://www.ncr-iran.org/en/camp-ashraf-liberty/|title=CAMP ASHRAF AND CAMP LIBERTY|publisher=NCRI|access-date=11 April 2011}}

The PMOI is an Iranian opposition group that seeks to overthrow Iran's theocratic regime.{{cite news |title=UN: 34 killed in Iraqi raid on Iranian exile camp|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42593094|newspaper=NBC News |access-date=11 April 2025}} In 1997, Iran persuaded the Clinton Administration to designate the MEK as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) on the U.S. State Department's list with the expectation that this gesture would lead to the normalization of relations with Iranian officials. In 1986, the French government forced the PMOI to leave Paris, and their headquarters subsequently moved to Baghdad, Iraq, where they remained aligned with the country until the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq.Keddie, Nikki R. (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12105-6. p:253{{cite news |title=Protect Iran’s Freedom Fighters in Camp Ashraf|url=https://time.com/archive/6957155/protect-irans-freedom-fighters-in-camp-ashraf/ |newspaper=Time |date=18 April 2011 |access-date=11 April 2025}}

In 2003, residents of Camp Ashraf were disarmed by the U.S. military, and received legally protected status under the Fourth Geneva Convention. General David Petraeus, who held the position of deputy commander of the allied coalition forces, asserted that the transfer of responsibility for Camp Ashraf to the Iraqi government was contingent upon a direct assurance from Iraqi authorities that the protected status of the camp's 3,400 residents would be maintained.{{cite news |title=UN: 34 killed in Iraqi raid on Iranian exile camp |author=Frank Jordans and Lara Jakes |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42589699/ns/world_news-mideast/n_africa/t/un-killed-iraqi-raid-iranian-exile-camp/ |agency=AP |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=8 May 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite news |title=Protect Iran’s Freedom Fighters in Camp Ashraf|url=https://time.com/archive/6957155/protect-irans-freedom-fighters-in-camp-ashraf/ |newspaper=Time |date=18 April 2011 |access-date=11 April 2025}}{{cite news |title=The noose tightens around Iranian refugees at Camp Ashraf|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111212-iraq-iranian-refugees-camp-ashraf-maliki-obama-usa-mujahideen-khalq|newspaper=France24|access-date=11 April 2025}}

In 2009, the U.S. military handed over control to the Shi'a-dominated Iraqi government, which repeatedly vowed to close the camp as then Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had reportedly been trying to bolster his country's ties with Iran. The Iraqi Army had raided Camp Ashraf prior to the April 2011 attack. In July 2009, Iraqi security forces entered the camp, killing at least nine people and injuring some 400 people.{{cite news |title=Camp Ashraf is a barometer of Iraq's human rights |author=Kate Allen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/14/camp-ashraf-iraq-human-rights |newspaper=The Guardian |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=8 May 2011}} Iraq and Iran have designated the PMOI a terrorist group, though not the United States, European Union or United Nations.

Prior to the raid, tensions had been building between the Iraq army and Ashraf residents, who feared an impending attack as soldiers built up their forces outside the camp. The Iraqi general, Ali Ghaidan Majid, who led the raid, stated it was in response to Ashraf residents tossing rocks at his troops and throwing themselves in front of military vehicles. The PMOI said the attack was a "full-scale military assault with armoured vehicles".

Following the raid, which left 34 dead, the PMOI released footage filmed and edited by members of the group, which show Iraqi soldiers firing at unarmed civilians at Camp Ashraf, and using military vehicles to herd and run down crowds of people. Iraqi authorities, on the other hand, claimed that only three people were killed resisting a military operation to return land from camp residents to farmers.

Rupert Colville, spokesperson for the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva, reported that a team of U.N. observers witnessed 28 bodies remaining at the camp during their visit to the compound. According to Colville, most of the deceased appeared to have died from gunshot wounds, and some were women. Additionally, a Western diplomat based in Baghdad stated that three of the bodies appeared to have been crushed to death, likely as a result of being run over by a vehicle.{{cite news |title=UN: 34 killed in Iraqi raid on Iranian exile camp|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42593094|newspaper=NBC News |access-date=11 April 2025}}

• {{flag|Europe}} – Over 100 members of the European Parliament endorsed a formal statement calling on the United States and the United Nations to assist in safeguarding the individuals residing in the camp.
• {{flag|Iraq}} – Iraqi government spokesman Ali al-Dabbagh released a statement in which he said that "This organisation [the MKO] must be removed from Iraqi territory by all means, including political and diplomatic, with the co-operation of the UN and international organisations."
• {{flag|UN}} – UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay condemned the Iraqi military operation and called for a long-term solution to Camp Ashraf's residents: "There is no possible excuse for this number of casualties. There must be a full, independent and transparent inquiry, and any person found responsible for use of excessive force should be prosecuted... "I am well aware that this is a contentious group [the PMOI], with a complicated history, but leaving them to fester in Camp Ashraf was never going to be a solution."{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10943&LangID=E |title=Pillay condemns Iraqi operation that led to 34 deaths, calls for inquiry |date=15 April 2011 |work=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 May 2011}}
• {{flag|US}} – U.S. Senator John Kerry, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, condemned the raid as a "massacre" and stated the situation at Camp Ashraf was "untenable": "United Nations confirmation of the scope of last week’s tragedy at Camp Ashraf is deeply disturbing and the Iraqi military action is simply unacceptable. Corrective action is imperative. First, the Iraqis must stop the bleeding and refrain from any further military action against Camp Ashraf. Second, the Iraqi government has announced a full investigation into the massacre and it must be thorough and serious."{{cite news |title=Kerry condemns Iraqi military for violence at Camp Ashraf |url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2011/04/kerry_condems_i.html |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=9 May 2011}}

• 2013 Camp Ashraf attack
• 2023 Tirana camp raid

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Category:2011 murders in Iraq

Category:April 2011 in Iraq

Category:April 2011 crimes in Asia

Category:Iran–Iraq military relations

Category:Mass murder in 2011

Category:Massacres of the Iraq War

Category:Battles of the Iraq War in 2011

Category:War crimes in the Iraq War

Category:Massacres committed by Iraq

Category:Diyala Governorate in the Iraq War

Category:Battles of the Iraq War involving Iraq

Category:Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran