2014 Iquique earthquake

{{Infobox earthquake

| title = 2014 Iquique earthquake

| image = 2014 Iquique Earthquake ShakeMap.jpg

| caption = USGS ShakeMap for the earthquake

| timestamp = 2014-04-01 23:46:47

| anss-url = usc000nzvd

| isc-event = 610102185

| local-date = {{Start date|2014|04|1|df=y}}

| local-time = 20:46 CST (UTC-03:00)

| map2 = {{Location map+ | South America

| places =

{{Location map~|South America|lat=-20.22|long=-70.15|label=Iquique|position=right||label_size=120|mark=Blue pog.svg}}

{{Location map~|South America|lat=-33.45|long=-70.67|label=Santiago|position=right||label_size=120|mark=Blue pog.svg}}

{{Location map~|South America|lat=-19.610|long=-70.769|position=left||marksize=50|mark=Bullseye1.png}}

| relief = yes

| width = 260

| float = right

| caption = }}

| magnitude = M_w 8.1–8.2

| PGA = 1.05 g{{cite web | title=Registros instrumentales evento del 2014-04-01 23:46:45 | url=http://evtdb.csn.uchile.cl/event/6c5752b76db0f46280949a79863b4d67 | publisher=Centro Sismológico Nacional (CSN) | accessdate=19 January 2023}}

| type = Megathrust

| depth = {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{cite web|title=M8.2 – 95 km NW of Iquique, Chile|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000nzvd#summary|publisher=United States Geological Survey|accessdate=2 April 2014}}

| location = {{coord|19.610|S|70.769|W}}

| countries affected = Chile, Peru

| duration = 3 minutes

| intensity = {{MMI|8}}

| tsunami = {{Convert|4.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| casualties = 11 dead, 209 injured

| damage = 8,300 homes damaged

}}

The 2014 Iquique earthquake struck off the coast of Chile on 1 April, with a moment magnitude of 8.1–8.2, at 20:46 local time (23:46 UTC).{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26846984|title = Tsunami alert after 8.2 quake strikes off Chile|date = 1 April 2014|accessdate = 2 April 2014|publisher = BBC}}{{cite web|url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/strong-earthquake-hits-off-chile/story?id=23151710|title = 8.2-Magnitude Earthquake Off Chile Triggers Tsunami|date = 1 April 2014|accessdate = 1 April 2014|publisher = ABC News|location=United States|last = Shabner|first = Dean}} The epicenter of the earthquake was approximately {{convert|95|km|mi}} northwest of Iquique. The mainshock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks, including a M7.7 event on 3 April. The megathrust earthquake triggered a tsunami of up to {{convert|2.11|m|ft}} that hit Iquique at 21:05 local time (00:05 UTC, 2 April). Similar-sized tsunamis were also reported to have hit the coasts of Pisagua and Arica.[http://www.tsunami.gov/product.php?id=TSUHWX.20140402.0346.006 Tsunami Message Number 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402042606/http://www.tsunami.gov/product.php?id=TSUHWX.20140402.0346.006 |date=2 April 2014 }}, NWS Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, 1 April 2014

Geology

A number of mid-sized quakes struck the same area in the preceding weeks. These quakes and the main tremor are associated with the boundary of the Nazca plate and the South American plate.

Earthquake

There was a cluster of earthquakes starting from the one occurring on 16 March with a magnitude of {{M|w|link=y}} 6.7, and a large earthquake had been expected.{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/03/16/quake-hits-chile/6505715/|title=Magnitude-6.7 quake hits Chile, 100,000 evacuated|newspaper=USA Today}}{{cite web|url=http://sismologia.cl/events/sensibles/2014/03/16-2116-30L.S201403.html |title=Earthquake Report (Informe de Sismo Sensible) |publisher=Sismologia.cl |date=16 March 2014 |accessdate=4 April 2014 |language=Spanish}} The mainshock measured a moment magnitude of 8.1, according to the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT),{{citation |title=Global CMT Catalog Search|url=https://www.globalcmt.org/cgi-bin/globalcmt-cgi-bin/CMT5/form?itype=ymd&yr=2014&mo=4&day=1&oyr=2014&omo=4&oday=2&jyr=1976&jday=1&ojyr=1976&ojday=1&otype=nd&nday=1&lmw=5&umw=10&lms=0&ums=10&lmb=0&umb=10&llat=-90&ulat=90&llon=-180&ulon=180&lhd=0&uhd=1000<s=-9999&uts=9999&lpe1=0&upe1=90&lpe2=0&upe2=90&list=0|type=Data set|publisher=Global Centroid Moment Tensor|access-date=18 April 2025}}{{Cite isc|EB|610102185}} although the United States Geological Survey (USGS) put the magnitude at {{M|ww|link=y}} 8.2. This earthquake was smaller than what was expected, with a rupture of {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} in length instead of the expected {{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} rupture.[http://www.estrellaiquique.cl/impresa/2014/04/02/papel/ "La estrella de Iquique", 2 April 2014, page 5] The earthquake was felt in Chile, Peru, and Bolivia.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26846984 |title=Tsunami alert after 8.2 quake strikes off Chile |publisher=BBC News |date=2 April 2014 |accessdate=4 April 2014}} The intensity reached intensity VIII (Severe) in the city of Iquique.{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000nzvd#dyfi_resp |title=M8.2 – 95km NW of Iquique, Chile 2014-04-01 23:46:46 UTC |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=4 April 2014 |accessdate=4 April 2014}}

=Aftershocks=

There were several significant aftershocks above 6.0 magnitude and many more of lower magnitude over subsequent days.

Time (local)	M	I	Depth	Epicenter
class="wikitable" style="margin:left; text-align: center; font-size:90%;"
1 April at 20:57:58 \| 6.9 \| VI \| {{convert\|28.4\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} \| {{convert\|91\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} WNW of Iquique \|{{cite web\|title=M6.9 – 91 km WNW of Iquique, Chile\|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000nzwm#general_summary\|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}
2 April at 22:58:30 \| 6.5 \| VI \| {{convert\|24.1\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} \| {{convert\|46\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} WSW of Iquique \|{{cite web\|title=M6.5 – 46 km WSW of Iquique, Chile\|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000p26f#general_summary\|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}
2 April at 23:43:13 \| 7.7 \| IX \| {{convert\|22.4\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} \| {{convert\|53\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} SW of Iquique \|{{cite web\|title=M7.7 – 53 km SW of Iquique, Chile\|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000p27i#general_summary\|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}
3 April at 02:26:15 \| 6.4 \| VI \| {{convert\|25\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} \| {{convert\|78\|km\|mi\|abbr=on}} SW of Iquique \|{{cite web\|title=M6.4 – 78 km SW of Iquique, Chile\|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000p2cs#general_summary\|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}

=Associated events=

Such large earthquakes can have effects far away other than tsunamis.{{cite magazine|last=Lubick |first=Naomi |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/triggered-swarms |title=Triggered Swarms: How Big Quakes Can Cause Small Quakes Far Away |magazine=Scientific American |date=March 2003 |accessdate=4 April 2014}}{{Subscription required|date=April 2014}} A megathrust quake can shake the entire earth, but causes stronger movement and strain on the entire associated oceanic plate, beyond the few hundred kilometer rupture zone. Though too far to be an aftershock, a 6.0 quake on a thin protruding wedge of the Nazca plate (Iquique quake shoved this plate) was reported off Panama within 12 hours of the main shock.{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000p11f |title=M6.0 – 52km S of Pedregal, Panama 2014-04-02 16:13:27 UTC |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=3 April 2014 |accessdate=4 April 2014}}

Tsunami

File:2014 Iquique earthquake NOAA tsunami travel time projection 2014-04-01.jpg

Under advice from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, tsunami warnings were issued for the Latin American Pacific coastlines of Chile, Peru, and Ecuador shortly after the earthquake occurred.{{cite magazine|url = https://time.com/46206/chile-earthquake/|title = Five Dead After Huge Quake Hits off Coast of Chile|date = 1 April 2014|access-date = 2 April 2014|magazine = Time|last1 = Stout|first1 = David|last2 = Winograd|first2 = David}}{{cite web | title=Tsunami Warning and Warch for Latin American Pacific coastline | url=http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.TSUPAC.2014.04.01.2355 | publisher=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center | date=1 April 2014 | accessdate=2 April 2014 | archive-date=2 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402005014/http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.TSUPAC.2014.04.01.2355 | url-status=dead }} Chile was subsequently hit by a large tsunami in its northern territories, with a maximum height of {{Convert|4.63|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Arica.{{Cite web|title=Tsunami Event:IQUIQUE, CHILE|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/related-runups/5557|publisher=NGDC}}{{cite web|title=Pacific Tsunami Waves hit Chile after an Earthquake measuring 8.3|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/pacific-tsunami-waves-hit-chile-after-an-earthquake-measuring-8-3/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=2 April 2014}}

The tsunami warning was later canceled for all countries except Chile and Peru within a few hours of the earthquake.{{cite web | title=Tsunami Warning and Watch Cancellation | url=http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.TSUPAC.2014.04.02.0443 | publisher=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center | date=2 April 2014 | accessdate=2 April 2014 | archive-date=2 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402044628/http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.TSUPAC.2014.04.02.0443 | url-status=dead }} The tsunami warning was canceled for both Chile and Peru at around 4:58 UTC on 2 April. Hawaii was under a tsunami advisory for over 13 hours.{{cite web | title=Hawai'ian Islands Tsumani Advisory | url=http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=hawaii.TSUHWX.2014.04.02.0346 | publisher=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center | date=2 April 2014 | accessdate=2 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402035225/http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=hawaii.TSUHWX.2014.04.02.0346 | archive-date=2 April 2014 | url-status=dead }}{{cite web | title=Hawai'ian Islands Tsunami Advisory Cancellation | url=http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=hawaii.TSUHWX.2014.04.02.1726 | publisher=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center | date=2 April 2014 | accessdate=2 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402174627/http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=hawaii.TSUHWX.2014.04.02.1726 | archive-date=2 April 2014 | url-status=dead }} On 3 April local time, tsunamis were observed in Japan.{{cite web|title=Japan hit by Tsunami waves on 3 April after Chilean Earthquake|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/japan-hit-by-tsunami-waves-on-april-3-after-chilean-earthquake/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=3 April 2014}} The tsunami reached {{convert|60|cm|ft}} high in Kuji, Iwate Prefecture, Japan.{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASG43116BG42UTIL03Z.html |title=60 cm Tsunami Observed in Kuji City, Iwate Prefecture; Caused by Chile Quake (岩手県久慈市で津波６０センチ観測チリ地震) |publisher=Asahi Shimbun Company (朝日新聞) |date=3 April 2014 |accessdate=4 April 2014 |language=Japanese}}

Impact

=Chile=

Five people died of indirect causes and one woman was reportedly crushed to death when a wall collapsed. A loader was crushed by a falling metal structure and died of the injuries afterwards.[http://www.estrellaiquique.cl/impresa/2014/04/04/full/10/ "La estralla de Iquique", April 4, 2014, page 10] An additional three people were killed due to landslides and on April 4, a six-day-old infant died due to hypothermia, after she and her mother sought refuge in a tent.

In Iquique, over 200 people were hospitalized and an airport's control tower was damaged. Houses also collapsed in Arica. Electricity and water services were interrupted in the regions of Arica y Parinacota and Tarapacá.{{cite news |first1=Génesis |last1=Moreno |first2=María |last2=Paz Núñez |url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2014/04/680-572311-9-reposicion-de-servicios-basicos-ha-sido-mas-lenta-en-comunas-de-iquique-y-alto.shtml |title=Replenishment of basic services has been slower in communes of Iquique and Alto Hospicio (Reposición de servicios básicos ha sido más lenta en comunas de Iquique y Alto Hospicio) |newspaper=La Tercera |date=2 April 2014 |accessdate=4 April 2014 |language=Spanish |archive-date=3 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403013014/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2014/04/680-572311-9-reposicion-de-servicios-basicos-ha-sido-mas-lenta-en-comunas-de-iquique-y-alto.shtml |url-status=dead }}

During the aftermath of the earthquake, 293 prisoners escaped from a women's prison in Iquique when a wall collapsed. Many returned voluntarily a short time later, while Chilean soldiers searched for the rest.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26855734 |date=2 April 2014 |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |title=Chile soldiers hunt escaped inmates in quake-hit Iquique |publisher=BBC News}}

=Peru=

In southern Peru, nine people were injured, four structures, including two temples collapsed and 81 houses, three schools, four clinics, three public buildings and a temple were damaged.{{cite news |url=http://earthquake-report.com/2014/04/01/massive-earthquake-offshore-tarapaca-chile-on-april-1-2014/ |title=Massive earthquake and tsunami at the Tarapaca coast, Northern Chile – The full story from the very beginning |newspaper=Earthquake-Report.com |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-date=7 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607234852/http://earthquake-report.com/2014/04/01/massive-earthquake-offshore-tarapaca-chile-on-april-1-2014/ |url-status=usurped }}

References

External links

[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000nzvd#summary M8.2 – 95km NW of Iquique, Chile] – United States Geological Survey
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-26846984 Tsunami alert after 8.2 quake strikes off Chile] – BBC News
[https://abcnews.go.com/International/strong-earthquake-hits-off-chile/story?id=23151710 5 Dead After Powerful Quake Strikes Off Chile's Coast] – ABC News
[http://cnnworldlive.cnn.com/Event/Powerful_earthquake_strikes_off_Chile Powerful earthquake strikes off Chile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403133549/http://cnnworldlive.cnn.com/Event/Powerful_earthquake_strikes_off_Chile |date=3 April 2014 }} – CNN
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhvfbjCIiXo Tsunami Animation: Iquique, Chile, 1 April 2014 ] – National Tsunami Warning Center
{{EQ-isc-link|610102185}}