2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
{{Short description|Widespread outbreak of food poisoning}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2017–2018 South Africa listeriosis outbreak
| image = File:Enerprise corned meats.jpg
| caption = The outbreak was from processed meats produced by Enterprise Foods in Polokwane.
| location = South Africa
| date = 2017 – March 2018
| injuries = 1,060 confirmed cases
}}
The 2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak, also known as Listeriosis Histeriosis, was a widespread outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes food poisoning that resulted from contaminated processed meats produced by Enterprise Foods, a subsidiary of Tiger Brands,{{cite news |last=de Wet |first=Phillip |title=Tiger Brands' R2.2 billion processed meat business catches fire as listeriosis is traced to its Polokwane facility |work=Business Insider South Africa |date=4 March 2018 |access-date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/tiger-brands-catches-listeriosis-from-enterprise-2018-3 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305062911/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/tiger-brands-catches-listeriosis-from-enterprise-2018-3 |url-status=dead }} in Polokwane. There were 1,060 confirmed cases of listeriosis during the outbreak, and about 216 deaths.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Listeriosis-outbreak-situation-report-_26July2018_fordistribution.pdf|title=Situation Report|date=26 July 2018|publisher=Department of Health, Republic of South Africa|access-date=21 May 2019}} It is the world's deadliest listeriosis outbreak.{{cite web |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-05-18-death-toll-from-listeria-outbreak-rises-to-more-than-200/ |title=Enterprise polony identified as source of listeria outbreak |work=Times Live |first=Katherine |last=Child |date=4 March 2018 |access-date=4 March 2018}}
Investigation of the origin
Prior to 2017, an average of 60 to 80 listeriosis cases were confirmed in South Africa per year. The outbreak was first identified by doctors at Chris Hani and Steve Biko academic hospitals in July 2017, who notified the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) about an unusually high number of neonatal infections.{{cite press release|title=Media statement by the Minister of Health Dr Aaron Motsoaledi on the outbreak of a food borne disease in South Africa|date=5 December 2017|publisher=Department of Health|url=http://www.health.gov.za/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/439-listeriosis-minster-of-health-media-statement?download=2639:media-statement-by-the-minister-of-health-dr-aaron-motsoaledi-on-the-outbreak-of-a-food-borne-disease-in-south-africa|format=PDF|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304130447/http://www.health.gov.za/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/439-listeriosis-minster-of-health-media-statement?download=2639:media-statement-by-the-minister-of-health-dr-aaron-motsoaledi-on-the-outbreak-of-a-food-borne-disease-in-south-africa|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-12-05-listeriosis-10-things-we-know-so-far/|title=Listeriosis: 10 things we know so far|last=Shange|first=Naledi|date=5 December 2017|work=Times Live|access-date=6 March 2018}}
Interviews conducted by the authorities with people who contracted listeriosis indicated that processed cold meats, most notably polony, was the likely cause of the outbreak. The source of the outbreak at the Enterprise Foods facility was only discovered after nine five-year-old children from Soweto were brought to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in mid-January 2018. Samples taken from Enterprise and Rainbow Chicken polony products at the crèche the children attended tested positive for the strain of listeriosis causing the outbreak and led investigators to the infected production facilities.{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/Business/how-listeriosis-was-traced-to-tiger-brands-2018-3|title=How the deadly strain of listeriosis was traced to Tiger Brands' Enterprise polony factory|last=de Wet|first=Phillip|date=4 March 2018|website=www.businessinsider.co.za|access-date=2018-03-07|archive-date=2018-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151156/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/Business/how-listeriosis-was-traced-to-tiger-brands-2018-3|url-status=dead}}
On March 4, 2018, Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi announced that the disease was traced to the Enterprise processed meats factory in Polokwane. Environmental samples from the factory were found to contain the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes strain ST 6, the strain responsible for the outbreak. Additionally, further samples from another Enterprise factory in Germiston and from a Rainbow Chicken factory in the Free State tested positive for Listeria, although which strain these samples tested positive for is not yet known.{{cite news|last=Petersen|first=Tammy|date=4 March 2018|title=Listeriosis outbreak traced to Enterprise facility in Polokwane|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-listeriosis-outbreak-traced-to-enterprise-facility-in-polokwane-20180304|work=News24|access-date=6 March 2018}}
In 2024, the National Health Laboratory Service confirmed that the ST6 strain that was predominantly responsible for the outbreak was only found in Tiger Brands’ Enterprise facility in Polokwane and nowhere else.{{Cite web |last=Metelerkamp |first=Tamsin |date=2024-09-08 |title=Listeriosis outbreak: Evidence makes case Tiger Brands was responsible: lawyers |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-09-08-listeriosis-outbreak-evidence-makes-case-tiger-brands-was-responsible-lawyers/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240909051032/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-09-08-listeriosis-outbreak-evidence-makes-case-tiger-brands-was-responsible-lawyers/ |archive-date=2024-09-09 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}
Impact
Laboratory-confirmed listeriosis cases started to rise in mid-2017 and peaked in December 2017, with 32 cases in a week. Gauteng was the province with the most cases, 58%, followed by Western Cape with about 13%. A report from the National Department of Health in July 2018 stated there had been 1,060 laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis, and 216 deaths.
=Reactions after cause was known=
Following the announcement, Tiger Brand's stock price on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange dropped by 7%, resulting in a R5.7bn (equivalent to US$438.69 million) reduction in total value.{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/companies/tiger-brands-rcl-foods-lost-r57-billion-in-one-day-after-listeriosisoutbreak-13603415|title=Tiger Brands, RCL Foods lost R5.7 billion in one day after #ListeriosisOutbreak |work= IOL Business Report|date=5 March 2018|language=en}} At a press conference the next day, Tiger Brands CEO Lawrence MacDougall denied responsibility, stating "There is no direct link between any of the deaths and our products." When pressed by journalists, he refused to apologize.{{cite news|first1=Rebecca|last1=Davis|date=2018-03-05|access-date=2018-03-07|title=Listeriosis outbreak: The blame games begin |newspaper=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-03-05-listeriosis-outbreak-the-blame-games-begin/}}
The South African government issued a recall notice of all products of RCL Foods Limited and Enterprise Foods and Rainbow Chicken facilities on March 4.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/safrica-disease-listeria/south-africa-traces-deadly-listeria-to-sausage-meat-issues-recall-idUSL5N1QM0I0|publisher=Reuters|date=4 March 2018|access-date=7 March 2018|title=South Africa traces deadly listeria to sausage meat, issues recall}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/recalled-cold-meat-set-to-be-dumped-in-public-landfill-sites-accessible-to-hundreds-of-people-looking-for-food-2018-3|title=Tons of recalled meat is headed for public landfill sites – and that could spell an entirely new disaster|website=www.businessinsider.co.za|access-date=2018-03-07}} Tiger Brands reportedly admitted to knowing about the presence of listeria in some of its products eighteen days before the government recall.
On March 5, Botswana, Namibia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia suspended all imports of processed meat from South Africa.{{cite news |date=6 March 2018 |title=Malawi shops urged to remove South Africa meat products |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-disease-listeria-malawi/malawi-shops-urged-to-remove-south-africa-meat-products-idUSKBN1GH2EO |website=Reuters}}{{cite news|work=Eyewitness News|date=5 March 2018|access-date=6 March 2018|title=Namibia, Malawi pull SA meat products off shelves|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/03/05/namibia-malawi-pull-sa-meat-products-off-shelves}} Kenya followed suit on the next day.{{cite news|first1=Hillary|last1=Orinde|access-date=2018-03-07|title=Kenya bans South Africa meat as WHO declares listeriosis outbreak 'largest ever'|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001272208/kenya-bans-south-africa-meat-as-who-declares-listeriosis-outbreak-largest-ever|newspaper=The Standard}}
In December 2018 the South Gauteng High Court granted a certification order opening up the process for class-action lawsuit against Tiger Brands for around 1,000 claimants. Each claimant might be eligible to seek between R100,000 and R2,000,000 in compensation for their losses due to the outbreak.{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/south-africas-listeriosis-victims-can-more-than-r3-million-each-from-class-action-lawyers-say-2018-12|title=This is how much South Africa's listeriosis victims may get, lawyers say|website=BusinessInsider|access-date=2018-12-05}}
References
{{reflist}}
{{Listeria|state=expanded}}
{{Consumer Food Safety}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2017-2018 South African listeriosis outbreak}}
Category:2017 disease outbreaks
Category:2018 disease outbreaks