23rd G8 summit
{{short description|1997 G8 summit in Denver}}
{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = 23rd G8 summit
| logo = Logo_DENVER_1997.gif
| image = File:G8 Summit 1997 Family photo (cropped).jpg
| caption = Family photo of the G8 leaders
| country = United States
| dates = June 20–22, 1997
| follows = 22nd G7 summit
| precedes = 24th G8 summit
}}
The 23rd G8 summit was held on June 20–22, 1997 in Denver, Colorado, United States. The venue was the newly constructed Denver Public Library in downtown Denver.Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): [http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2000/past_summit/table_e/index.html Summit Meetings in the Past.] The locations of previous G8 summits to have been hosted by the United States include: Dorado, Puerto Rico (1976), Williamsburg, Virginia (1983), and Houston, Texas (1990).
The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia.Saunders, Doug. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011063004/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists |date=2008-10-11 }} Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 5, 2008. In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.Reuters: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023185037/http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"], July 3, 2008. The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&dq=G7+summit&pg=PA205 Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, p. 205.]
Leaders at the summit
The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The 23rd G8 summit was the first summit for British Prime Minister Tony Blair and, as it was formed with the addition of Russia, Russian President Boris Yeltsin.
=Participants=
These participants were the "core members" of the 23rd G8 summit:Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV),"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603074840/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx |date=June 3, 2010 }} Brookings. March 27, 2009; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/ "core" members (Muskoka 2010 G-8, official site).] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602190742/http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/ |date=June 2, 2010 }}MOFA: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2000/past_summit/table_e/index.html Summit (23)]; G8 Research Group: [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1997denver/delegation.htm Delegations]; [http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php "EU and the G8"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226165606/http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php |date=February 26, 2007 }}
| class="wikitable" |
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |Core G8 members Host state and leader are shown in bold text. |
| style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | Member ! Represented by ! Title |
| {{flagicon|CAN}}
| Canada |
|---|
| {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}
| France |
| {{flagicon|Germany}}
| Germany |
| {{flagicon|Italy}}
| Italy |
| {{flagicon|Japan|1947}}
| Japan |
| {{flagicon|Russia}}
| Russia |
| {{flagicon|UK}} |
| {{flagicon|US}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|European Union}}
| rowspan="2" | European Union |
| Wim Kok |
Priorities
File:Denver Public Library 1.jpg]]
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign.
Issues
Accomplishments
A tangible legacy of this summit is the Denver Public Library's main building, an existing library which was transformed into a "masterful composition of new forms". The library has become recognized as one of Denver's city icons.Mack, Linda. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025024644/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-137927109.html "Children's Theatre design fails to soar; The $27 million addition to the Children's Theatre in Minneapolis will enlarge its creative capacity but doesn't add to the Twin Cities' architectural legacy<"] (Star Tribune (Minneapolis). October 23, 2005. The dramatic post-modern structure was designed by architect Michael Graves.[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF459E104FF039&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "Graves deserves it,"] Denver Post. December 7, 2000; The building was initially used as the summit site; and afterward, it was opened to the public as the city's central library.Bount, Donald and Emily Narvaes. [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF88311A7EE795&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "Denver library looms as likely summit host,"] Denver Post. April 15, 1997.
The appearance of Boris Yelsin representing Russia as part of the G8 was transformative. Yelsin himself said, "I want very much for it to be written: 'Denver conclusively agrees that the G-7 is transformed into a G-8.'"AP: [http://media.www.collegian.com/media/storage/paper864/news/2007/04/24/News/In.Denver.Yeltsin.Enjoyed.A.Shining.Moment.At.G8.Summit-2876459.shtml "In Denver, Yeltsin enjoyed a shining moment at G-8 summit,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20071020001905/http://media.www.collegian.com/media/storage/paper864/news/2007/04/24/News/In.Denver.Yeltsin.Enjoyed.A.Shining.Moment.At.G8.Summit-2876459.shtml |date=2007-10-20 }} Rocky Mountain Collegian (Fort Collins, Colorado). April 24, 2007.
In 1997, the summit leaders proclaimed that forests "continue to be destroyed and degraded at alarming rates;" and the G-7 called for the elimination of "illegal logging," but there is little evidence of follow-up action.Sadruddin, Aga Khan. [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/19/opinion/19iht-edkhan.t.html?scp=9&sq=G-7%20%20summit%201989&st=cse "It's Time to Save the Forests,"] New York Times. July 19, 2000.
Business opportunity
For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event; as for example, the official G8 Summit magazines which have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.[http://www.prestigemediausa.com/press.htm Prestige Media:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519000002/http://www.prestigemediausa.com/press.htm |date=2009-05-19 }} [http://www.prestigemediausa.com/g8summit.htm "official" G8 Summit magazine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518235917/http://www.prestigemediausa.com/g8summit.htm |date=2009-05-18 }} The special dining opportunities for the summit attendees were created by chefs hired especially for this occasion. President Bill Clinton’s state dinner was held at The Fort Restaurant{{cite web | last=Browning-Blas | first=Kristen | title=The Fort restaurant in Morrison celebrates its 50th anniversary | website=The Denver Post | date=2013-02-04 | url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/02/04/the-fort-restaurant-in-morrison-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary/ | access-date=2021-10-04}} and offered buffalo, trout, and fried squash blossoms filled with wild mushrooms and rattlesnake meat.{{Cite news|date=June 21, 1997|title=Summit leaders take on the world's problems|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9706/21/g8.summit/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219111420/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9706/21/g8.summit/index.html|archive-date=February 19, 2007}}
Denver's "Summit of the Eight" planned ahead to ensure that sensitive documents wouldn't fall into the wrong hands because those attending would have the option of shredding any documents before discarding them. The summit organizers leased more than 25 new paper shredders from a Denver company that sells, services and leases the machines—and this was the largest order of its kind for the small local business.[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8848A790ABBB&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM "Shredders distributed for action,"]Denver Post. June 20, 1997. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017181402/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8848A790ABBB&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=October 17, 2012 }}
Gallery of participating leaders
=Core G8 participants=
File:Jean Chrétien 1993.jpg|{{flagicon|Canada}} Canada
Jean Chrétien,
Prime Minister
File:Jacques Chirac (1997) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|France|1974}} France
Jacques Chirac,
President
File:Helmut Kohl (1996) cropped.jpg|{{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
Helmut Kohl,
Chancellor
File:Romano Prodi 1999 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
Romano Prodi,
Prime Minister
File:Ryutaro Hashimoto 19960111.jpg|{{flagicon|Japan|1947}} Japan
Ryutaro Hashimoto,
Prime Minister
File:Борис Николаевич Ельцин-1 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Russia}} Russia
Boris Yeltsin,
President
File:Tony Blair 1997.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom{{Clear}}Tony Blair,
Prime Minister
File:Bill Clinton.jpg|{{flagicon|United States}} United States
Bill Clinton,
President (Host)
File:Wim Kok 1994.jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} European Union
Wim Kok,
Council President
References
{{reflist}}
Sources
- Bayne, Nicholas and Robert D. Putnam. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BqkEAQAAIAAJ&q=G7+summit Hanging in There: The G7 and G8 Summit in Maturity and Renewal.] Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-1185-1}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/43186692 OCLC 43186692]
- Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations.] London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-16486-3}}; {{ISBN|978-0-203-45085-7}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39013643 OCLC 39013643]
External links
- Official G8 website: [https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/issues/economic/summit/g8.html Denver summit, 1997]; n.b., no official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- see the 21st G7 summit.
- University of Toronto: G8 Research Group, [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca G8 Information Centre]
- [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/1997denver/index.htm G8 1997, delegations & documents]
{{G8 summits}}
{{Presidency of Bill Clinton}}
Category:1997 in international relations