24 Themis

24 Themis was discovered on 5 April 1853 by Annibale de Gasparis of Naples, though it was given its name by fellow Italian astronomer Angelo Secchi. The asteroid was named after Themis, the Greek goddess of law.{{cite book | title = Dictionary of minor planet names | page = 17 | author = Schmadel, Lutz D. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&q=dictionary+of+astronomy+themis&pg=PA17 | edition = 5th | publisher = Springer | date = 2003 | isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3}} Gravitational perturbations in the orbit of Themis were used to calculate the mass of Jupiter as early as 1875.{{cite journal | journal = Nature | title = Our Astronomical Column | date = 18 November 1875 | url = https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v13/n316/pdf/013047d0.pdf?foxtrotcallback=true| page = 48 | volume=13 | issue=316 | doi=10.1038/013047d0|bibcode = 1875Natur..13...47. | s2cid = 8491861 | doi-access = free }}

On 24 December 1975, 24 Themis had a close encounter with 2296 Kugultinov with a minimum distance of {{convert|0.016|AU|e6km|abbr=on}}. By analyzing the perturbation of Kugultinov's orbit due to the gravitational pull of Themis, the mass of Themis was determined to be approximately {{val|2.89|e=-11}} solar masses ({{val|9.62|e=-6}} Earth masses).{{cite conference | title = Using Close Encounters of Minor Planets for the Improvement of their Masses | book-title = Dynamics and Astrometry of Natural and Artificial Celestial Bodies | author = García, A. López | author2 = Medvedev, Yu. D. | author3 = Fernández, J. A. Moraño | pages = 199–204 | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | location = Poznań, Poland | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sJe_2VBDYNEC&q=Using+close+encounters+of+minor+planets+for+the+improvement+of+their+masses.&pg=PA199 | isbn = 978-0-7923-4574-9 |date = 1997}}

Themis is in an elliptical orbit around the Sun with an eccentricity of 0.1306 and an inclination of 0.76°.{{cite book | title = The Astronomical Almanac | date = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-7077-4103-1 | publisher = United States Naval Observatory and United Kingdom Hydrographic Office | page = G2 }} It has an orbital period of 5.54 years. The distance between Themis and the Sun ranges from 2.71 AU at perihelion and 3.55 AU at aphelion, with a mean distance of 3.1302 AU. Themis is part of the Themis family of asteroids, which is located in the outer part of the main belt. The family consists of a core of large objects surrounded by a cloud of smaller objects; 24 Themis is a member of the core.{{Cite encyclopedia

| title = Dictionary of Astronomy

| encyclopedia = Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy

| pages = 528

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| date = 27 May 2010

}}

On 7 October 2009, the presence of water ice was confirmed on the surface of this asteroid using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility.{{cite magazine

| first=Ron

| last=Cowen

| date=8 October 2009

| title=Ice confirmed on an asteroid

| magazine=Science News | url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48174/title/Ice_confirmed_on_an_asteroid

| access-date=9 October 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012075224/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48174/title/Ice_confirmed_on_an_asteroid| archive-date= 12 October 2009 | url-status= live}}{{cite web

| last = Atkinson

| first = Nancy

| date = 8 October 2009

| title = More water out there, ice found on an asteroid

| work = International Space Fellowship

| access-date = 11 October 2009

| url = http://spacefellowship.com/2009/10/08/more-water-out-there-ice-found-on-an-asteroid/

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091011051040/http://spacefellowship.com/2009/10/08/more-water-out-there-ice-found-on-an-asteroid/| archive-date= 11 October 2009 | url-status= live}} The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is sublimated, it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface.{{ Cite journal |last1=Campins |first1=Humberto |last2=Hargrove |first2=K |last3=Pinilla-Alonso |first3=N |last4=Howell |first4=ES|author4-link=Ellen Howell |last5=Kelley |first5=MS |last6=Licandro |first6=J |last7=Mothé-Diniz |first7=T |last8=Fernández |first8=Y |last9=Ziffer |first9=J |title=Water ice and organics on the surface of the asteroid 24 Themis |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1320–1 |date=2010 |doi=10.1038/nature09029 |pmid=20428164|bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1320C |s2cid=4334032 }}

Scientists hypothesize that some of the first water brought to Earth was delivered by asteroid impacts after the collision that produced the Moon. The presence of ice on 24 Themis supports this theory. Because of its proximity to the Sun, the widespread presence of ice on the surface of 24 Themis is somewhat unexpected. The surface ice may be replenished by a subsurface reservoir of ice or impact gardening—a phenomenon in which impact events overturn surface material at a rate of 1 m/ Gyr (billion years).

An alternative mechanism to explain the presence of water ice on 24 Themis is similar to the hypothesized formation of water on the surface of the Moon by solar wind. Trace amounts of water would be continuously produced by high-energy solar protons impinging oxide minerals present at the surface of the asteroid. The hydroxyl surface groups (S–OH) formed by the collision of protons ({{chem|H|+}}) with oxygen atoms present at oxide surface (S=O) can further be converted in water molecules ({{chem|H|2|O}}) adsorbed onto the oxide minerals surface. The chemical rearrangement supposed at the oxide surface could be schematically written as follows:

:2 S-OH → S=O + S + {{chem|H|2|O}}

or,

:2 S-OH → S–O–S + {{chem|H|2|O}}

where S represents the oxide surface.

Organic compounds were also detected on the surface of Themis{{Cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=Andrew S. |last2=Emery |first2=Joshua P. |title=Detection of ice and organics on an asteroidal surface |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1322–1323 |date=2010 |doi=10.1038/nature09028 |pmid=20428165 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1322R |s2cid=4368093 }} ([http://somosbacteriasyvirus.com/surface.pdf pdf version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207123007/https://somosbacteriasyvirus.com/surface.pdf |date=7 February 2023 }} accessed 28 Feb. 2018). in the form of tholins, high-molecular weight organics found in the outer solar system, distinguished by a brown or reddish color in optical spectra. Compounds found in the spectra of Themis include ice tholin (the residual of an irradiated mixture of water ice and ethane), asphaltite, carbonaceous meteorite material, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.{{cite web |last=Emery |first=Joshua P. |display-authors=et al |url=https://www.sofia.usra.edu/sites/default/files/Poster_5.10_Emery.pdf |title=Advances in Solar System Science: Research Enabled by 2.4 – 25 μm Spectroscopy with SOFIA |access-date=28 February 2018 |website=SOFIA Science Center}}

• Extraterrestrial liquid water
• 269 Justitia – An exceptionally red asteroid named after Justitia, Themis's Roman counterpart

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{{Reflist|30em}}

• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10090128.stm Asteroid Themis has 'frosted surface']
• [http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/water_ice_asteroid.html NASA detection of Water Ice and organics on the surface of 24 Themis]
• {{AstDys|24}}
• {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |23 Thalia |number=24 |25 Phocaea}}

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Category:Discoveries by Annibale de Gasparis

Category:Named minor planets

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Category:Extraterrestrial water