25 or 6 to 4

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}

{{Infobox song

| name = 25 or 6 to 4

| cover = 25 or 6 to 4.jpg

| alt =

| type = single

| artist = Chicago

| album = Chicago

| B-side = Where Do We Go from Here

| released = June 1970

| recorded = August 1969

| studio =

| genre = *Hard rock

| length = *{{Duration|m=4|s=50}} (album version)

  • 2:52 (single version)

| label = Columbia

| writer = Robert Lamm

| producer = James William Guercio

| prev_title = Make Me Smile/Colour My World

| prev_year = 1970

| next_title = Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?

| next_year = 1970

| misc = {{Audio sample

| type = single

| file = Chicago - 25 or 6 to 4.ogg

}}

}}

"25 or 6 to 4" is a song written by American musician Robert Lamm, one of the founding members of the band Chicago. It was recorded in August 1969 for their second album, Chicago, with Peter Cetera on lead vocals,{{cite AV media notes|title=Chicago Group Portrait (Box Set)|year=1991|url=http://aln3.albumlinernotes.com/Group_Portrait.html|access-date=February 14, 2017|format=album liner notes archived online|publisher=Columbia Records|location=New York City|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229045301/http://aln3.albumlinernotes.com/Group_Portrait.html|url-status=dead}} and released as a single in June 1970.

Composition

In a 2013 interview, Robert Lamm said he composed "25 or 6 to 4" on a 12-string guitar with only 10 strings. According to Lamm, "It didn't have the two low Es." He wrote the lyrics in one day. The band first rehearsed the song at the Whisky a Go Go.{{cite interview |last=Lamm |first=Robert |last2=Loughnane |first2=Lee |last3=Scheff |first3=Jason |last4=Pardini |first4=Lou |interviewer=Danny Lake |title=Exclusive Interview with Chicago! |url=http://www.947wls.com/2013/10/24/exclusive-interview-with-chicago |at=time 11:54-13:43 |publisher=94.7 WLS-FM |location=Chicago |date=October 24, 2013 |type=Radio and video |access-date=February 19, 2019}}

Lamm said the song is about trying to write a song in the middle of the night. The song's title is the time at which the song is set: 25 or 26 minutes before 4 a.m., phrased as, "twenty-five or [twenty-]six [minutes] to four [o’clock]," (i.e. 03:35 or 03:34).{{cite interview |last=Lamm |first=Robert |subject-link=Robert Lamm |interviewer=Devon Maloney |title=Chicago Comes to Agganis |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2009/chicago-comes-to-agganis/ |work=BU Today |publisher=Boston University |date=2009-06-15|access-date=2017-02-13 |quote=It's a reference to time. It's a song about writing the song, and I looked at my watch while I was writing and it was 25 minutes to four in the morning, or maybe 26.}}{{cite AV media |type=television documentary |url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/12/21/history-of-chicago-excerpt-birth-of-25-or-6-to-4.cnn/video/playlists/atv-promos-films-documentary/ |title=History of Chicago |publisher=CNN |access-date=December 30, 2016 |quote='25 or 6 to 4' indicates the time in the morning, 25 minutes to 4 a.m.}} Because of the unique phrasing of the song's title, "25 or 6 to 4" has been interpreted to mean everything from a quantity of illicit drugs to the name of a famous person in code.{{cite web |title=What does the Chicago lyric '25 or 6 to 4' mean? |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1842/what-does-the-chicago-lyric-25-or-6-to-4-mean |work=The Straight Dope |date=October 18, 2000 |access-date=October 20, 2015}}

The song's opening guitar riff has been compared to chord progressions and riffs in other songs. In the opinion of writer Melissa Locker:

{{quote

|text= ...the opening guitar riff from Green Day's "Brain Stew" bears a striking similarity to the opening stanza of Chicago’s "25 or 6 to 4."{{cite magazine |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/08/22/11-suspiciously-sound-alike-songs/slide/chicago-25-or-6-to-4-1970-vs-green-day-brain-stew-1996/ |title=11 Suspiciously Sound-Alike Songs |last=Locker |first=Melissa |date=August 21, 2013 |magazine=Time |access-date=October 23, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X}}}}

LA Weekly{{'}}s music editor, Andy Hermann, names it "The Riff" and describes it as follows:

{{quote

|text=It's a descending five-chord pattern, typically played as power chords over four bars, with the last two chords sharing the last bar. The most common variant of it goes from A minor to G to F sharp to F to E, although it can also be played as Am-G-D-F-E or even Am-G-D9-F{{music|#}}-F-E...{{cite news |url=http://www.laweekly.com/you-still-cant-copyright-a-riff-and-thats-a-good-thing |title=You Still Can't Copyright a Riff — and That's a Good Thing |last=Hermann |first=Andy |date=June 25, 2016 |work=LA Weekly |access-date=October 23, 2017}}}}

Hermann details the riff's similarity to the chord progression in Led Zeppelin's version of "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You" by Anne Bredon, which came out a year before "25 or 6 to 4", and the similarity of that chord progression to one in George Harrison's song "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", which came out even earlier. He labels "Brain Stew", released in 1996, as "derivative" by comparison to "25 or 6 to 4".

Original version

The original recording features an electric guitar solo using a wah-wah pedal by Chicago guitarist Terry Kath, and a lead vocal line in the Aeolian mode.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/whattolistenfori0000step |url-access=registration |title=What to Listen For in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis |publisher=Yale University Press |last1=Stephenson |first1=Ken |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-300-09239-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whattolistenfori0000step/page/39 39] |access-date=February 25, 2017}}

According to the recollections of producer James William Guercio and horn player Lee Loughnane, Cetera had to record the vocal while his jaw was still wired together after he had been attacked at a baseball game at Dodger Stadium on May 20, 1969. Guercio said he told Cetera, "I can't wait, we're gonna do this."{{Cite web |last=Hurwitz |first=Matt |date=2019-07-12 |title=Classic Tracks: “25 or 6 to 4” |url=https://www.mixonline.com/recording/chicago-25-or-6-to-4 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Mixonline |language=en-US}}

The album was released in January 1970 and the song was edited and released as a single in June (omitting the second verse and most of the guitar solo), climbing to number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/299102/chicago/chart?f=379 |title=Chicago - Chart history Hot 100 {{!}} Billboard |website=www.billboard.com |language=en |access-date=2017-02-13}}{{cite web |title=Chicago Awards |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/chicago-mn0000110161/awards |publisher=Allmusic |access-date=2012-08-17}} and number 7 on the UK Singles Chart.{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/13861/chicago/ |title=CHICAGO {{!}} full Official Chart History {{!}} Official Charts Company |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en |access-date=2017-02-13}} It was the band's first song to reach the top five in the US. It has been included in numerous Chicago compilation albums. In 2015, Dave Swanson, writing for Ultimate Classic Rock, listed the song as number one on his top ten list of Chicago songs.{{cite web |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/chicago-songs/ |title=Top 10 Chicago Songs |last=Swanson |first=Dave |date=December 17, 2015 |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |language=en |access-date=January 15, 2019}} Classic Rock Review says the song is "one of the most indelible Chicago tunes".{{cite web |url=http://www.classicrockreview.com/tag/midwest-artists/page/2/|title=Chicago II |date=July 3, 2015 |website=Classic Rock Review |language=en-US |access-date=January 16, 2019}} In 2019, Bobby Olivier and Andrew Unterberger, music critics for Billboard magazine, ranked the song number one on their list of "The 50 Best Chicago Songs".{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8508545/50-best-chicago-songs-critics-picks |title=The 50 Best Chicago Songs: Critics' Picks |last1=Olivier |first1=Bobby |last2=Unterberger |first2=Andrew |date=April 25, 2019 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=April 25, 2019}} Guitar World rated "25 or 6 to 4" No. 22 for "greatest wah solos of all time."{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Josh |date=January 22, 2021 |title=The 25 greatest wah solos of all time |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/features/25-greatest-wah-solos-all-time |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=guitarworld |language=en}}

=Bans=

The song was banned in Singapore in 1970 due to "alleged allusions to drugs";{{Cite news|title=Singapore Bans Fogerty LP|last=Leo|first=Christie|date=1986-12-27|newspaper=Billboard|volume=98|issue=52|page=87|access-date=2017-02-17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA87}} the ban extended to later albums that included the song, such as Chicago 18. In 1993, the ban on this song was lifted, along with long-time bans on songs by other artists such as the Beatles, Bob Dylan and Creedence Clearwater Revival.{{Cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/292271/SINGAPORE-CENSORS-RELAX-BAN-ON-SOME-BEATLES-HITS.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214215101/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/292271/SINGAPORE-CENSORS-RELAX-BAN-ON-SOME-BEATLES-HITS.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 14, 2017|title=Singapore Censors Relax Ban on Some Beatles Hits|date=1993-05-27|newspaper=DeseretNews.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}

Later versions

An updated version of "25 or 6 to 4" was recorded for the 1986 album Chicago 18 with James Pankow listed as co-writer,{{cite news |date=October 11, 1986 |title=Billboard Hot 100 Singles |newspaper=Billboard |volume=98 |issue=41 |url={{Google books|ESUEAAAAMBAJ|page=80 |plainurl=yes}} |page=80 (Scroll to page, see No. 48 on Hot 100 Singles chart.) |access-date=February 26, 2017}} and new band member Jason Scheff on lead vocals. It featured two verses instead of three, and the single reached number 48 on the US chart.{{cite news |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/266704/ask-billboard-why-we-follow-the-charts |title=Ask Billboard: Why We Follow The Charts - Second Helping of Seconds |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=2009-11-13 |newspaper=Billboard |access-date=2017-02-13}} This version was also used as the B-side for the band's next single in 1986, "Will You Still Love Me?"{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Popoff |title=Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948–1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUI1R7jJz2YC&pg=PA240 |year=2010 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=978-1-4402-1621-3 |page=240}}

Through the 2010s, "25 or 6 to 4" continued to be a staple in Chicago's live concert set list{{cite news |url=http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/music/reviews/chicago-delivers-a-satisfying-career-retrospective-but-pulls-a-political/article_2d6102bc-e38c-571c-be17-52de24d822c4.html |title=Chicago delivers a satisfying career retrospective but pulls a political punch |last=Durchholz |first=Daniel |date=June 22, 2017 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=October 23, 2017 |language=en}}{{cite news |url=http://www.mcall.com/entertainment/musikfest/mc-ent-review-musikfest-chicago-20170801-story.html |title=REVIEW: Chicago shows it's a hard habit to break with a night filled with hits |last=Groller |first=Keith |date=August 6, 2017 |work=The Morning Call |access-date=October 23, 2017 |language=en-US}}{{cite news |url=http://www.njherald.com/20170810/chicago-feeling-50-years-young# |title=Chicago feeling 50 years young |last=Price |first=Robert |date=August 10, 2017 |work=New Jersey Herald |access-date=October 23, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=August 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822013415/http://www.njherald.com/20170810/chicago-feeling-50-years-young |url-status=dead }} and in Peter Cetera's solo concert set list.{{cite web |url=https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/featured/2015/10/18/122394/who-needs-chicago-peter-cetera-proves-his-worth-at-fallsview |title=Who needs Chicago? Peter Cetera proves his worth at Fallsview |last=Maloni |first=Joshua |date=October 18, 2015 |website=www.wnypapers.com |access-date=October 23, 2017}}{{cite news |url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/music/2016/10/04/cetera-all-roads-lead-away-chicago/91542090/ |title=Cetera: All roads lead away from Chicago |last=Varias |first=Chris |date=October 4, 2016 |work=Cincinnati.com |access-date=October 24, 2017 |language=en}}{{cite news |url=http://www.star2.com/entertainment/2017/09/08/72-peter-cetera-still-commands-crowd/ |title=At 72, Peter Cetera Still Commands The Crowd |last=MURUGAPPAN |first=REVATHI |date=September 8, 2017 |work=Star2.com |access-date=October 23, 2017 |publisher=Star Media Group Berhad |language=en-US}} In 2016, the group's former drummer Danny Seraphine reunited on stage with Chicago to perform "25 or 6 to 4" and two other songs at their induction ceremony for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20160415/insights/160419085/ |title=Chicago, Cheap Trick bring rock pride to Illinois |last=Onesti |first=Ron |date=April 15, 2016 |work=Daily Herald |access-date=October 23, 2017 |publisher=Paddock Publications |location=Arlington Heights, IL |language=en-US}}

Music video

The music video for the 1986 remake won an American Video Award, in the Best Cinematography category, for Bobby Byrne.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12794261/fort_lauderdale_news/ |title='Sledgehammer' wins |date=February 28, 1987 |newspaper=Fort Lauderdale News |access-date=August 1, 2017 |location=Fort Lauderdale, FL |page=2A |via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}

Personnel

Chart performance

{{col-begin|width=65%}}

{{col-2}}

= Weekly charts =

class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
scope="col"|Chart (1969–1970)

!scope="col"|Peak
position

scope="row"|Australia{{cite web|first=Steffen |last=Hung |url=http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=35092 |title=Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts) |website=Australian-charts.com |access-date=2016-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602084720/http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=35092 |archive-date=June 2, 2016 }}

| style="text-align:center;"|12

{{single chart|Flanders|25|artist=Chicago|song=25 or 6 to 4|rowheader=true}}
{{single chart|Wallonia|18|artist=Chicago|song=25 or 6 to 4|rowheader=true}}
{{single chart|Canadatopsingles|2|chartid=3805|rowheader=true}}
scope="row"|France (IFOP){{cite web|title= Toutes les Chansons N° 1 des Années 70 |publisher= InfoDisc|access-date= 11 March 2019 |url=http://infodisc.fr/Tubes_Artiste_Choisi.php|language=fr |date=1969-11-22 }}

|align="center"|3

scope="row"|Germany (Chartsurfer){{Cite web|url=https://www.chartsurfer.de/artist/chicago/25-or-6-to-4-song_uvcf.html |title=25 or 6 to 4 von Chicago |website=Chartsurfer.de |language=de |access-date=January 20, 2020}}

|align="center"|22

{{single chart|Ireland2|13|song=25 or 6 to 4|rowheader=true|access-date=July 11, 2017}}
{{single chart|Dutch100|8|artist=Chicago|song=25 or 6 to 4|rowheader=true}}
{{single chart|Norway|6|artist=Chicago|song=25 or 6 to 4|rowheader=true}}
{{single chart|UK|7|date=19700823|rowheader=true}}
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|4|artist=Chicago|rowheader=true}}
scope="row"|US Cash Box Top 100 {{cite book|title=Cash Box Pop Hits: 1952-1996|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Whitburn|year=2014|publisher=Record Research}}

|align="center"|6

{{col-2}}

= Year-end charts =

class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
scope="col"|Chart (1970)

!scope="col"|Rank

scope="row"|Australia

| style="text-align:center;"|74

scope="row"|Canada{{cite news |title=RPM's Top 100 of 1970 |journal=RPM |date=1971-01-09 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?file_num=nlc008388.3740 |access-date=2017-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218065324/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?file_num=nlc008388.3740 |archive-date=February 18, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}

| style="text-align:center;"|29

scope="row"|Netherlands{{cite web|title= Jaaroverzichten – Single 1970 |publisher= Single Top 100. Hung Medien |access-date= February 25, 2018 |url= http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1970&cat=s |language= nl}}

|align="center"|98

scope="row"|US Billboard Hot 100 {{cite web|url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1970.htm |title=Top 100 Hits of 1970/Top 100 Songs of 1970 |publisher=Musicoutfitters.com |access-date=2015-05-28}}

| style="text-align:center;"|61

{{col-end}}

Chart performance

{{col-begin|width=65%}}

{{col-2}}

= Weekly charts =

class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
scope="col"|Chart (1986)

!scope="col"|Peak
position

scope=“row”|US Billboard Hot 100{{cite book|title=Top Pop Singles 1955-2010|year=2011|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Whitburn|publisher=Record Research}}

| style="text-align:center;"|48

scope=“row”|US Cash Box Top 100 {{cite book|title=Cash Box Pop Hits: 1952-1996|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|author-link=Joel Whitburn|year=2014|publisher=Record Research}}

| style="text-align:center;"|46

{{col-end}}

Covers and parodies

The song has been covered by various artists, including Straitjacket, Local H, Intruder,{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/escape-from-pain-mw0000310760|title=Escape from Pain - Intruder {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=October 23, 2017}} Bruce Foxton,{{Cite news|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/the-25-best-concerts-in-phoenix-in-july-2016-8420925|title=The 25 Best Concerts in Phoenix in July 2016: Chicago – Wednesday, July 6 – Celebrity Theatre|last=Reardon|first=Tom|date=July 1, 2016|work=Phoenix New Times|access-date=October 23, 2017}} The Moog Cookbook,{{Cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1394/moog-cookbooks-newest-mock-rock-recipe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023173845/http://www.mtv.com/news/1394/moog-cookbooks-newest-mock-rock-recipe/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2017|title=Moog Cookbook's Newest Mock Rock Recipe|last=KAUFMAN|first=GIL|date=October 1, 1997|work=MTV News|access-date=October 22, 2017|language=en}} Earth, Wind & Fire, Paul Gilbert, Pacifika,{{Cite news|url=http://www.pressreader.com/canada/regina-leader-post/20110122/284051958280894|title=Pacifika's music hard to label|last=Perusse|first=Bernard|date=January 22, 2011|newspaper=Regina Leader-Post|publisher=Postmedia News|location=Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada|language=en|access-date=October 22, 2017}} Mötley Crüe lead singer Vince Neil,{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14600076/reno_gazettejournal/|title=Vince Neil plays Del Mar birthday bash|date=January 18, 1996|newspaper=Reno Gazette-Journal|access-date=August 1, 2017|publisher=Reno Newspapers, Inc.|location=Reno, Nevada, US|page=15, "Best Bets" section|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}} Umphrey's McGee,{{Cite magazine|url=https://emertainmentmonthly.org/2017/01/06/zonkey-by-umphreys-mcgee/|title="ZONKEY" by Umphrey's McGee|last=Porio|first=Anabelle|magazine=Entertainment Monthly|date=January 6, 2017|publisher=Emerson College|location=Boston, Massachusetts, USA|language=en-US|access-date=October 22, 2017}} Nick Ingman,{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Soft-Rock-Invention/release/1918628|title=Soft Rock - Invention|website=Discogs|year=1973 |language=en|access-date=October 22, 2017}} and as an instrumental on the Dave Koz collaboration album Summer Horns.{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike-ragogna/from-emsummer-hornsem-to_b_3349978.html|title=From Summer Horns to Napa Jazz: Conversations with Dave Koz and Brian Culbertson, Plus Toby Lightman's "Better" Premiere|last=Ragogna|first=Mike|date=May 29, 2013|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=October 22, 2017}} Constantine Maroulis released his version of the song as a single in 2011.{{cite web |author = Chicago-Admin |title = Constantine Maroulis releases his version of Chicago classic: 25 Or 6 To 4 |url = http://chicagotheband.us/profiles/blogs/constantine-maroulis-releases |access-date = 2011-04-13 |publisher = Chicago – The Band |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110422194514/http://chicagotheband.us/profiles/blogs/constantine-maroulis-releases |archive-date = April 22, 2011 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all }}

Influence

Jason Newsted, former bassist of Metallica, says that this song was the first rock or metal riff he ever learned to play.{{Cite episode |title=Jason Newsted |url=http://www.vh1.com/episodes/1kg8nz/that-metal-show-jason-newsted-season-12-ep-1201 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908121425/http://www.vh1.com/episodes/1kg8nz/that-metal-show-jason-newsted-season-12-ep-1201 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2017 |access-date=October 23, 2017 |series=That Metal Show |first=Eddie (host) |last=Trunk |first2=Don (host) |last2=Jamieson|first3=Jim (host) |last3=Florentine|network=VH1 |date=June 1, 2013 |season=12 |number=1 |time=21:00 }}

Paul Gilbert, former guitarist of Racer X and Mr. Big, says that a "really primitive version" of "25 or 6 to 4" was one of the first songs he taught himself to play on the guitar, using one string.{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.pressreader.com/australia/guitarist/20150206/285490774279875|title=Paul Gilbert|last=Frost|first=Matt|date=March 2015|magazine=Guitarist|publication-date=February 6, 2015|issue=391|access-date=October 23, 2017}}

References

{{reflist}}