31 Vulpeculae
{{Short description|Star in the constellation Vulpecula}}
{{Starbox begin}}
{{Starbox image
| image =
{{Location mark
|image=Vulpecula constellation map.svg|alt=|float=center|width=280
|label=|position=right
|mark=Red circle.svg|mark_width=10|mark_link=31 Vulpeculae
|x=250|y=320
}}
| caption = Location of 31 Vulpeculae (circled)
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000
| constell = Vulpecula
| dec = {{DEC|Tautvaisiene201027|05|48.9951}}
}}
{{Starbox character
| type = red clump
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| parallax = 14.2796
| p_error = 0.1864
}}
{{Starbox orbit
| period_unitless = {{Val|1860.6|1.3|u=days|fmt=commas}}
| axis_unitless = ≥ {{Val|103.0|ul=Gm}}
| eccentricity = {{Val|0.375|0.009}}
| inclination =
| node =
| periastron = {{Val|52316|6|ul=MJD|fmt=commas}}
| periarg = {{Val|15.1|1.4}}
| k1 = {{Val|4.34|0.04}}
}}
{{Starbox detail
| component1 = 31 Vul A
| mass = {{Val|2.40|0.05}}
| radius = {{Val|8.01|0.30}}
| temperature = {{Val|5261|15|fmt=commas}}
| rotational_velocity = {{Val|5.9|0.3}}
| gravity = {{Val|2.97|0.05}}
| metal_fe = {{Val|−0.05|0.02}}
| age_myr = {{Val|700|40}}
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | F=31 Vul | BD=+26°4017 | GC=29112 | HD=198809 | HIP=103004 | HR=7995 | SAO=89228 | 2MASS=J20520768+2705491 }}
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = 31+Vul
}}
{{Starbox end}}
31 Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.56. The system is located approximately 228 light years away from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +2.25 km/s.
The variable radial velocity of this system was first suspected by German Astronomer Friedrich Küstner in 1914. The system appears as a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of {{Convert|1860.6|days|years|1|disp=out|abbr=off}} and an eccentricity of 0.38. The a sin i value for the primary is {{Convert|103.0|±|1.1|Gm|AU|2|lk=on|abbr=on}}, where a is the semimajor axis and i is the (unknown) orbital inclination. This value provides a lower bound on the actual semimajor axis for the orbit.
The primary component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of {{nowrap|G7IIIa Fe-1 Ba}}, indicating a mild barium star with an underabundance of iron. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to eight times the Sun's radius. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. This is a suspected variable star with a magnitude that varies from 3.77 to 4.08 in the I passband. It is about 700 million years old with 2.4 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 53 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,261 K. The companion may be a degenerate white dwarf with about {{Val|0.4|u=solar mass}}.
References
{{reflist|refs=
{{cite DR2|1845660598005110400}}
{{cite simbad | title=31 Vul | access-date=2019-07-13 }}
| title=Spectroscopic binary orbits from photoelectric radial velocities. Paper 207: 58 Piscium, 31 Vulpeculae, and 70 Pegasi
| last1=Griffin | first1=R. F.
| journal=The Observatory
| volume=129 | pages=198–218 | date=August 2009
| bibcode=2009Obs...129..198G }}
| title=Evolved stars and the origin of abundance trends in planet hosts
| last1=Maldonado | first1=J. | last2=Villaver | first2=E.
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=588 | id=A98 | pages=11 | date=April 2016
| bibcode=2016A&A...588A..98M | arxiv=1602.00835
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527883 | s2cid=119212009 }}
| last1=Alves | first1=David R.
| title=K-Band Calibration of the Red Clump Luminosity
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| volume=539 | issue=2 | pages=732–741 | date=August 2000
| doi=10.1086/309278 | bibcode=2000ApJ...539..732A
| arxiv=astro-ph/0003329 | s2cid=16673121
}}
| last1=Anderson | first1=E. | last2=Francis | first2=Ch.
| title=XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation
| journal=Astronomy Letters
| volume=38 | issue=5 | pages=331 | year=2012
| bibcode=2012AstL...38..331A | arxiv=1108.4971
| doi=10.1134/S1063773712050015
| s2cid=119257644 }} [http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-4?-source=V/137D/XHIP&HIP=103004 Vizier catalog entry]
| last1=Mallama | first1=A.
| title=Sloan Magnitudes for the Brightest Stars
| journal=The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers
| volume=42 | pages=443 | year=2014
| issue=2
| bibcode=2014JAVSO..42..443M
}}[http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-4?-source=J/other/JAVSO/42.443/ugriz&HD=198809 Vizier catalog entry]
| last1=Soubiran | first1=C. | last2=Bienaymé | first2=O.
| last3=Mishenina | first3=T. V. | last4=Kovtyukh | first4=V. V.
| title=Vertical distribution of Galactic disk stars
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=480 | pages=91–101 | year=2008
| issue=1 | bibcode=2008A&A...480...91S | arxiv=0712.1370
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078788 | s2cid=16602121 }}
| display-authors=1 | last1=Da Silva | first1=Ronaldo
| last2=Milone | first2=André de C. | last3=Rocha-Pinto | first3=Helio J.
| title=Homogeneous abundance analysis of FGK dwarf, subgiant, and giant stars with and without giant planets
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=580 | pages=A24 | year=2015
| bibcode=2015A&A...580A..24D | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201525770
| arxiv=1505.01726 | s2cid=119216425 }} [http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-4?-source=J/A%2bA/580/A24/stars&Name=HD198809 Vizier catalog entry]
| display-authors=etal | last1=Samus | first1=N. N. | last2=Durlevich | first2=O. V.
| title=General Catalogue of Variable Stars
| journal=VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S
| volume=1 | year=2009 | bibcode=2009yCat....102025S }}
}}