3749 Balam#Inner satellite
{{Short description|Asteroid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 3749 Balam
| background = #D6D6D6
| image = 003749-asteroid shape model (3749) Balam.png
| image_scale =
| caption = Shape model of Balam from its lightcurve
| discovered = 24 January 1982
| discoverer = E. Bowell
| discovery_site = Anderson Mesa Stn.
| mpc_name = (3749) Balam
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|'|b|eɪ|l|ə|m}}
| alt_names = {{mp|1982 BG|1}}{{·}}1954 XM
1962 ED{{·}}1974 YO
| named_after = David Balam
{{small|(Canadian astronomer)}}
| mp_category = main-belt{{·}}Flora
| epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 61.66 yr (22,521 days)
| aphelion = 2.4818 AU
| perihelion = 1.9920 AU
| semimajor = 2.2369 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1095
| period = 3.35 yr (1,222 days)
| mean_anomaly = 254.23°
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2946|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 5.3801°
| asc_node = 295.71°
| arg_peri = 173.74°
| satellites = 2 {{small|(⌀: 1.66 km; 1.84 km)}}
| mean_diameter = {{val|4.1|0.5|ul=km}} {{small|(primary)}}
{{nowrap|{{val|4.663|0.21|u=km}} {{small|(effective)}}}}
{{val|4.7|0.5|u=km}} {{small|(effective)}}
| mass = {{val|5.09|0.2|e=14|ul=kg}}
| density = {{val|2.61|0.45|ul=g/cm3}}
| rotation = {{val|2.805|ul=h}}{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec-2012}}
| albedo = 0.16
{{val|0.277|0.096}}
{{val|0.355|0.067}}
| abs_magnitude = 13.3
13.4
13.66{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec-2012}}
}}
3749 Balam {{IPAc-en|'|b|eɪ|l|ə|m}} is a stony Flora asteroid and rare trinary system orbiting in the inner regions of asteroid belt. It also forms a secured asteroid pair with sub-kilometer sized asteroid {{mpl|(312497) 2009 BR|60}}. Balam was discovered on 24 January 1982, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, and received the prov. designation {{mp|1982 BG|1}}. It was named after Canadian astronomer David Balam. Balam measures approximately {{convert|4.1|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. Its two minor-planet moons have an estimated diameter of 1.66 and 1.84 kilometers, respectively.
Orbit and classification
Balam is a member of the Flora family, a very large group of stony asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.
Naming
It is named after the Canadian astronomer David Balam, principal observer at Victoria's Climenhaga Observatory in British Columbia. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 31 May 1988 ({{small|M.P.C. 13178}}).
Physical characteristics
The S-type asteroid has an albedo of 0.16. The body's rotation around its axis has been measured several times by different lightcurve observations with a concurring period of 2.8 hours.{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec-2012}}
= Triple asteroid =
== Outer satellite ==
On 13 February 2002, the discovery of a minor-planet moon, provisionally designated {{mp|S/2002 (3749) 1}}, was announced by a team of researchers from SwRI, UA, JPL and OSUG, using the Gemini North Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. It has an estimated diameter of 1.84 kilometers. It orbits {{val|289|13}} km away in {{val|61|10}} days, with a high orbital eccentricity of ~ 0.9. The distant and highly eccentric orbit of S/2002 (3749) 1 suggests that it was likely captured by Balam.
Being such a small primary body in the inner main belt with a separation of over 100 primary radii, S/2002 (3749) 1 is the most loosely bound binary known. Balam has a Hill sphere with a radius of about 1,500 kilometers.
== Inner satellite ==
In March 2008, Franck Marchis discovered another satellite from eclipses seen in Balam's light curve, making Balam a trinary asteroid. The inner satellite, which does not have a provisional designation, has a derived diameter of 1.66 kilometers, based on diameter-ratio of {{val|0.42|0.03}} with its primary.
Other known trinary asteroids include 45 Eugenia, 87 Sylvia, 93 Minerva, 107 Camilla, 130 Elektra and 216 Kleopatra.
= Asteroid pair =
Balam forms an asteroid pair with {{mpl|(312497) 2009 BR|60}}. Asteroid pairs are on highly similar heliocentric orbits. At some point in the past, the pair of asteroids became gravitationally unbound due to rotational fission induced by the YORP-effect or from a collisional breakup of the parent body. After the discovery of Balam's two satellites by Bill Merline (inner moon) and Franck Marchis (outer moon) in 2002 and 2008, respectively, Czech physicist David Vokrouhlický identified the unbound secondary in 2009. Based on backward orbit integrations, it is thought that Balam and {{mp|2009 BR|60}} form a secured asteroid pair that became separated approximately 400,000 years ago.
Notes
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=lcdb-Pravec-2012|1=Pravec-2012web, rotation period of {{val|2.80478|0.00005}} with an amplitude in brightness variation of {{val|0.1}} magnitude. Summary figures for (3749) Balam at [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=3749 Lightcurve Database]}}
}}
References
{{reflist|30em|refs=
|type = 2016-08-03 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3749 Balam (1982 BG1)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2003749
|publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
|access-date = 16 June 2017}}
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
|url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp00schm
|url-access = limited
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|chapter = (3749) Balam
|page = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp00schm/page/n330 317]
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_3746}}
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|access-date = 16 June 2017}}
|date = 2002-02-13
|title = IAUC 7827: P/2001 WF_2; S/2002 (3749) 1
|publisher = IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
|url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07800/07827.html#Item2
|access-date = 17 November 2005}}
|date = 2008-03-19
|title = IAUC 8928: V2468 Cyg = N Cyg 2008; (3749)
|publisher = IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
|url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08900/08928.html#Item2
|access-date = 4 February 2012}}
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = J. |last6 = Dailey
|first7 = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
|first8 = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
|first9 = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
|first10 = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
|first11 = D. |last11 = Tholen
|first12 = R. G. |last12 = Walker
|first13 = E. L. |last13 = Wright
|first14 = E. |last14 = DeBaun
|first15 = D. |last15 = Elsbury
|first16 = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
|first17 = S. |last17 = Gomillion
|first18 = A. |last18 = Wilkins
|date = November 2011
|title = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 20
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...68M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
|arxiv = 1109.4096
|s2cid = 118745497 }}
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = F. |last1 = Marchis
|first2 = P. |last2 = Descamps
|first3 = J. |last3 = Berthier
|first4 = D. |last4 = Hestroffer
|first5 = F. |last5 = Vachier
|first6 = M. |last6 = Baek
|first7 = A. W. |last7 = Harris
|first8 = D. |last8 = Nesvorný
|date = May 2008
|title = Main belt binary asteroidal systems with eccentric mutual orbits
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 195
|issue = 1
|pages = 295–316
|bibcode = 2008Icar..195..295M
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.010
|arxiv = 0804.1385
|s2cid = 119244052 }}
{{cite web
|title = Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations
|date = 12 December 2010
|author = Jim Baer
|publisher = Personal Website
|url = http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt
|access-date = 16 June 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090129152532/http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt
|archive-date = 29 January 2009
}}
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = W. J. |last1 = Merline
|first2 = L. M. |last2 = Close
|first3 = N. |last3 = Siegler
|first4 = C. |last4 = Dumas
|first5 = C. R. |last5 = Chapman
|first6 = F. |last6 = Rigaut
|first7 = F. |last7 = Menard
|first8 = W. M. |last8 = Owen
|first9 = D. C. |last9 = Slater
|first10 = D. D. |last10 = Durda
|date = September 2002
|title = Discovery of a Loosely-bound Companion to Main-belt Asteroid (3749) Balam
|journal = American Astronomical Society
|volume = 34
|page = 835
|bibcode = 2002DPS....34.0201M
}}
|title = Franck Marchis Web Page
|publisher = Department of Astronomy (University of California at Berkeley)
|author = Franck Marchis – Principal Investigator, SETI Institute, UC Berkeley
|url = http://astro.berkeley.edu/~fmarchis/
|access-date = 2009-10-27
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071110012054/http://astro.berkeley.edu/~fmarchis/
|archive-date = 2007-11-10}}
|date = 2009-01-13
|title = (3749) Balam, S/2002 (3749) 1, and third component
|publisher = Johnston's Archive
|author = Wm. Robert Johnston
|url = http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-03749.html
|access-date = 27 October 2009}}
|title = Dwarf Planets and Asteroids: Minor Bodies of the Solar System
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_LZ8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45
|author = Thomas Wm Hamilton
|isbn = 978-1-62857-728-0
|date = 2014-04-15}}
|title = LCDB Data for (3749) Balam
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=3749%7CBalam
|access-date = 16 June 2017}}
|display-authors = 6
|author = Marchis, F.
|author2 = Pollock, J.
|author3 = Pravec, P.
|author4 = Baek, M.
|author5 = Greene, J.
|author6 = Hutton, L.
|author7 = Descamps, P.
|author8 = Reichart, D. E.
|author9 = Ivarsen, K. M.
|author10 = Crain, J. A.
|author11 = Nysewander, M. C.
|author12 = Lacluyze, A. P.
|author13 = Haislip, J. B.
|author14 = Harvey, J. S.
|date = March 2008
|title = (3749) Balam
|journal = Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams
|volume = 1297
|page = 1
|bibcode = 2008CBET.1297....1M
}}
|display-authors = 6
|author = Marchis, F.
|author2 = Enriquez, J. E.
|author3 = Emery, J. P.
|author4 = Mueller, M.
|author5 = Baek, M.
|author6 = Pollock, J.
|author7 = Assafin, M.
|author8 = Vieira Martins, R.
|author9 = Berthier, J.
|author10 = Vachier, F.
|author11 = Cruikshank, D. P.
|author12 = Lim, L. F.
|author13 = Reichart, D. E.
|author14 = Ivarsen, K. M.
|author15 = Haislip, J. B.
|author16 = LaCluyze, A. P.
|date = November 2012
|title = Multiple asteroid systems: Dimensions and thermal properties from Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based observations
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 221
|issue = 2
|pages = 1130–1161
|bibcode = 2012Icar..221.1130M
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.09.013
|arxiv = 1604.05384 |s2cid = 161887
}}
|author = Polishook, D.
|author2 = Brosch, N.
|author3 = Prialnik, D.
|date = March 2011
|title = Rotation periods of binary asteroids with large separations - Confronting the Escaping Ejecta Binaries model with observations
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 212
|issue = 1
|pages = 167–174
|bibcode = 2011Icar..212..167P
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.12.020
|arxiv = 1012.4810 |s2cid = 119246302
}}
|author = Polishook, D.
|date = October 2014
|title = Spin axes and shape models of asteroid pairs: Fingerprints of YORP and a path to the density of rubble piles
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 241
|pages = 79–96
|bibcode = 2014Icar..241...79P
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.06.018
|arxiv = 1406.3359|s2cid = 118618128
}}
|display-authors = 6
|author = Mainzer, A.
|author2 = Grav, T.
|author3 = Masiero, J.
|author4 = Hand, E.
|author5 = Bauer, J.
|author6 = Tholen, D.
|author7 = McMillan, R. S.
|author8 = Spahr, T.
|author9 = Cutri, R. M.
|author10 = Wright, E.
|author11 = Watkins, J.
|author12 = Mo, W.
|author13 = Maleszewski, C.
|date = November 2011
|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 25
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv = 1109.6407 |s2cid = 35447010
}}
|title=3749 Balam (1982 BG1)
|work=Minor Planet Center
|url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=3749
|access-date=11 November 2015}}
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = P. |last1 = Pravec
|first2 = P. |last2 = Fatka
|first3 = D. |last3 = Vokrouhlický
|first4 = P. |last4 = Scheirich
|first5 = J. |last5 = Ďurech
|first6 = D. J. |last6 = Scheeres
|first7 = P. |last7 = Kušnirák
|first8 = K. |last8 = Hornoch
|first9 = A. |last9 = Galád
|first10 = D. P. |last10 = Pray
|first11 = Yu. N. |last11 = Krugly
|first12 = O. |last12 = Burkhonov
|first13 = Sh. A. |last13 = Ehgamberdiev
|first14 = J. |last14 = Pollock
|first15 = N. |last15 = Moskovitz
|first16 = J. L. |last16 = Ortiz
|first17 = N. |last17 = Morales
|first18 = M. |last18 = Husárik
|first19 = R. Ya. |last19 = Inasaridze
|first20 = J. |last20 = Oey
|first21 = D. |last21 = Polishook
|first22 = J. |last22 = Hanuš
|first23 = H. |last23 = Kučáková
|first24 = J. |last24 = Vraštil
|first25 = J. |last25 = Világi
|first26 = Š. |last26 = Gajdoš
|first27 = L. |last27 = Kornoš
|first28 = P. |last28 = Vereš
|first29 = N. M. |last29 = Gaftonyuk
|first30 = T. |last30 = Hromakina
|first31 = A. V. |last31 = Sergeyev
|first32 = I. G. |last32 = Slyusarev
|first33 = V. R. |last33 = Ayvazian
|first34 = W. R. |last34 = Cooney
|first35 = J. |last35 = Gross
|first36 = D. |last36 = Terrell
|first37 = F. |last37 = Colas
|first38 = F. |last38 = Vachier
|first39 = S. |last39 = Slivan
|first40 = B. |last40 = Skiff
|first41 = F. |last41 = Marchis
|first42 = K. E. |last42 = Ergashev
|first43 = D.-H. |last43 = Kim
|first44 = A. |last44 = Aznar
|first45 = M. |last45 = Serra-Ricart
|first46 = R. |last46 = Behrend
|first47 = R. |last47 = Roy
|first48 = F. |last48 = Manzini
|first49 = I. E. |last49 = Molotov
|date = 10 Jan 2019
|title = Asteroid pairs: a complex picture
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 333 |pages = 16–18
|arxiv = 1901.05492
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.05.014
|bibcode = 2019Icar..333..429P |s2cid = 119480790 }}
}}
External links
- [http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07800/07827.html IAUC 7827]
- [http://astron.berkeley.edu/~fmarchis/Science/Asteroids/Balam.html Franck Marchis entry for 3749 Balam]
- [http://astro.berkeley.edu/~fmarchis/Science/Asteroids Orbits of Binary Asteroids with Adaptive Optics] (VLT images)
- [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php Lightcurve Database Query] (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info
- [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend
- {{AstDys|3749}}
- {{JPL small body}}
{{Minor planets navigator |3748 Tatum |number=3749 |3750 Ilizarov}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Balam}}