38th G8 summit#New ordinances

The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This select few became the Group of Seven (G7) starting in 1976 when Canada joined. The Group of Eight was formed with the addition of Russia in 1997.{{cite web |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists |title=This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Canada |access-date=18 May 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011063004/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists |url-status=dead }} In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023185037/http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2008 |title=FACTBOX: The Group of Eight: what is it? |publisher=Reuters |date=3 July 2008 |access-date=18 May 2008}} The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six in 1975.{{cite book |title=Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations |last=Renailda |first=Bob |year=1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn= 9780203450857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OFrRrmBBXkC&q=G7+summit |access-date=18 May 2012}}

The G8 summits during the 21st century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.{{cite web|url=http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html |title=G8 |publisher=bond.uk |access-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513215909/http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}

The current form of the G8 is being evaluated. Some reports attribute resistance to the relatively smaller powers such as Canada and Japan, who are said to perceive a dilution of their global stature. Alternately, a larger forum for global governance may be more reflective of the present multi-polar world.{{cite web |url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/10/07/g20-tangible-results-of-pittsburgh/ |title=G20: Tangible results of Pittsburgh |author=Rajiv Kumar |date=7 October 2009 |work=East Asia Forum |access-date=18 May 2012}}

The forum is in a process of transformation by expanded membership and by other changes.{{cite web |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/134990.pdf |title=The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress |author=Rebecca M. Nelson |date=9 December 2009 |work=Congressional Research Service |access-date=18 May 2012}}

File:Prohibited Area P-40 Camp David.png P-40 surrounding Camp David]]

A decision to move the summit from Chicago to Camp David was announced by the White House on 5 March 2012. The decision came as a surprise to Chicago officials who had been planning for the event for months.{{cite news|last=Pace|first=Julie|title=G8 summit moved to Camp David last-minute|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2012/0305/G8-summit-moved-to-Camp-David-last-minute|access-date=7 March 2012|newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor|date=5 March 2012}} Some{{who|date=May 2012}} of those planning to protest the event took credit for the move; however, President Barack Obama denied that the decision was motivated by the demonstrations.{{cite news|last=Pearson|first=Rick|title=Obama explains decision to move G8 summit from Chicago|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-obama-chicago-g8-summit-20120306,0,7342374.story?track=rss|access-date=7 March 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=6 March 2012}} Suggestions in the media indicated the move was to placate Russian President Vladimir Putin who said he would not attend a NATO summit in Chicago at the same time.{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article3429570.ece |title=From Russia, no love |author=Vladimir Radyuhin |date=18 May 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 May 2012}}

In preparation for the Camp David summit, two nearby parks — Cunningham Falls State Park and Catoctin Mountain Park — were closed by the Secret Service.{{cite news|last=Schotz|first=Andrew|title=Thurmont preparing, cautiously, for the world|url=http://articles.herald-mail.com/2012-05-12/news/31683346_1_mayor-martin-burns-thurmont-police-world-leaders|access-date=16 May 2012|newspaper=The Herald-Mail|date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515232808/http://articles.herald-mail.com/2012-05-12/news/31683346_1_mayor-martin-burns-thurmont-police-world-leaders|archive-date=15 May 2012|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=Md.'s Catoctin Mountain Park To Close During G-8|url=http://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2012/05/04/md-s-catoctin-mountain-park-to-close-during-g-8/|access-date=16 May 2012|agency=AP|date=4 May 2012}} Nonetheless officials in Frederick County, where Camp David is located, expressed hope the summit would have an overall positive economic impact for the county.{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Matthew Hay|title=Frederick Co. welcomes G-8 summit move to Camp David|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2012/03/06/frederick-co-welcomes-g-8-summit-move-to-camp-david/|access-date=7 March 2012|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=6 March 2012|archive-date=9 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309234020/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-03-06/news/bs-md-camp-david-g8-20120306_1_camp-david-g-8-rural-retreat|url-status=live}}

Prior to the summit, officials were unsure if there would be many protests in Thurmont, the town nearest to Camp David.{{cite news|title=Camp David G-8 summit plan puts rural Md. community on alert for dignitaries, protesters|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/camp-david-g-8-summit-plan-puts-rural-md-community-on-alert-for-dignitaries-protesters/2012/03/07/gIQApWX9wR_story.html|access-date=7 March 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=7 March 2012}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} In fact only a small number of peaceful protestors gathered in Thurmont with signs and a replica of an aerial drone.{{cite web |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/g-8-activists-prepare-1439858.html |title=G-8 activists prepare peaceful Maryland protests |date=18 May 2012 |publisher=Associated Press |author=DAVID DISHNEAU |access-date=19 May 2012}}

File:G8 Summit working session on global and economic issues May 19, 2012.jpg

File:G8 leaders watching football.jpg. Cameron's elation with the penalty shootout (United Kingdom) and Merkel's look of utter dismay (Germany) reflect the outcome of the match, which was won by Chelsea on penalties.]]

The attendees include the eight core participants who make up the G8, as well as the European Union which is represented within the G8 but cannot host or chair summits. A number of other national leaders are also traditionally invited to attend the summit and to participate in some G8 summit activities, but none were invited this year.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that he would not be attending the summit because he was "busy,"{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/0514/Russians-perplexed-by-Putin-s-snub-of-G8.-Is-it-because-of-protests-Obama |title=Russians perplexed by Putin's snub of G8. Is it because of protests? Obama? |author=Fred Weir |date=14 May 2012 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=18 May 2012}} amid concerns about the discord between Russia–United States relations.{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/fa1060f2-a014-11e1-90f3-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Ffa1060f2-a014-11e1-90f3-00144feabdc0.html&_i_referer= |title=G8 Absence Threatens US-Russian Rapport |author=Chris Clover |date=17 May 2012 |work=The Financial Times |access-date=18 May 2012}} However, according to his economic aide Arkady Dvorkovich, Russia's participation would be "absolutely full-fledged" due to Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev's "huge experience working" at such events.{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/kremlin-aide-tries-to-smooth-over-g8-attendance-flap/458754.html#ixzz1vDX9djat |title=Kremlin Aide Tries to Smooth Over G8 Attendance Flap |author=Irina Filatova |date=17 May 2012 |work=The Moscow Times |access-date=18 May 2012}} Media speculation also arose that Putin was timing his first foreign visit since being re-elected for a visit to China to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit.

The 38th G8 summit was the first summit for French President François Hollande and was the last summit for Dmitry Medvedev as the leader of Russia. It was also the first and only summit for Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti and Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda.

These summit participants represent the current core members:

The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement.

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants known informally as "sherpas". Effective organization at the sherpa level is understood to be essential for the success of a summit meeting.{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/07/07/Italy-knocked-for-alleged-poor-G8-planning/UPI-63121246993109/ |title=Italy knocked for alleged poor G8 planning |date=7 July 2009 |work=UPI |access-date=18 May 2012}}

Food security is anticipated as a priority with thematic follow-through in G8, G20, and other international venues.{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/index/Montreux_summit_to_pioneer_global_governance.html?cid=8969600 |title=Montreux summit to 'pioneer' global governance |date=28 May 2010 |work=swissinfo.ch |access-date=18 May 2012}} As context, the emphasis on agriculture and food security at the L’Aquila summit resulted in pledges, and these pledges included multi-year follow-up by G8 members.{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0517/1224270548434.html |title=Global security depends on tackling world hunger |author1=Peter Power |author2=David Nabarro |author3=Tom Arnold |date=5 May 2010 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=18 May 2012}}.

In 2010, France announced plans to "prepare far upstream" for African outreach.{{cite web |url=http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/9462 |title=France agrees to train 12,000 African Peacekeeping troops |date=4 June 2010 |work=Sierra Express Media |access-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307170949/http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/9462 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}

A tentative agenda for the 38th G8 summit included some issues which remain unresolved from previous summits. For example, leaders at the G8 summit in L’Aquila supported post-2012 plans for accelerating emissions reductions in aviation.{{cite web |url=http://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=528 |title=G8 leaders support a post-2012 sectoral approach for international aviation to accelerate emissions reductions on GreenAir Online |publisher=Greenaironline.com |date=10 July 2009 |access-date=18 May 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303145351/http://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=528 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.g8italia2009.it/static/G8_Allegato/G8_Declaration_08_07_09_final,0.pdf |title=Responsible Leadership for a Sustainable Future |publisher=G8 |access-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806080520/http://www.g8italia2009.it/static/G8_Allegato/G8_Declaration_08_07_09_final,0.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=dead}} Other issues were the effort to tackle a global hunger crisis{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/g8-food-idUSL1E8GHE3520120518 |title=Cash-strapped G8 looks to private sector in hunger fight |author=Andrew Quinn |date=18 May 2012 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=18 May 2012}} and the European sovereign debt crisis, particularly following the fall of talks to form a Greek government following an election.{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/g8-summit-idUSL4E8GI53C20120518 |title=G8 leaders look to head off euro zone crisis |author1=Laura MacInnis |author2=Jeff Mason |date=18 May 2012 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=18 May 2012}}

In 2010, strategic plans for lobbying summit organizers were tentatively in place.{{cite web |url=http://files.globalmarshallplan.org/pr/inc_705.pdf |title=2010 International Conference for a Global Marshall Plan |author1=James B. Quilligan |author2=Maike Sippel |author3=Frithjof Finkbeiner |date=25 May 2007 |publisher=The Global Marshall Plan Initiative |access-date=18 May 2012 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302111837/http://files.globalmarshallplan.org/pr/inc_705.pdf |url-status=dead }} The United States was challenged{{by whom|date=May 2012}} to deliver "workmanlike summits that include China, India and other emerging powers as full partners."{{cite web|last=Gowan |first=Richard |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/co-ordination-is-key-to-g8-success/65443.aspx |title=Co-ordination is key to G8 success |publisher=European Voice |date=9 July 2009 |access-date=18 May 2012}}

The main topic of the G8 summit was the European sovereign debt crisis, particularly following the fall of talks to form a Greek government following an election.{{cite news|title=At Camp David, world leaders agree on more spending to boost Europe's economy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/at-camp-david-obama-calls-iranian-nuclear-program-a-grave-concern-for-us-allies/2012/05/19/gIQAjxcwaU_story.html?hpid=z1|access-date=20 May 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=19 May 2012|author1=David Nakamura |author2=Howard Schneider }}{{cite news|title=Obama sees 'emerging consensus' developing on growth plus cuts to end eurozone crisis|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/summit-agenda-led-by-economy-and-afghanistan-but-leaders-confer-on-iran-and-syria/2012/05/18/gIQACGwZZU_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817212100/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/summit-agenda-led-by-economy-and-afghanistan-but-leaders-confer-on-iran-and-syria/2012/05/18/gIQACGwZZU_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2016|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=20 May 2012|date=19 May 2012}}{{cite web|title=Obama says eurozone crisis threatens world|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/americas/2012/05/2012519173652632938.html|work=Al Jazeera|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 May 2012|date=20 May 2012}} Obama told the press: "There is now an emerging consensus that more must be done to promote growth and job creation right now in the context of these fiscal and structural reforms." In its declaration the G8 agreed "that all of our governments need to take actions to boost confidence and nurture recovery including reforms to raise productivity, growth and demand within a sustainable, credible and non-inflationary macroeconomic framework. We commit to fiscal responsibility and, in this context, we support sound and sustainable fiscal consolidation policies that take into account countries' evolving economic conditions and underpin confidence and economic recovery." The G8 leaders also stated in the declaration that they agreed on the importance of a strong and cohesive eurozone for global stability and recovery, and affirmed their interest in Greece remaining in the eurozone while respecting its commitments. However disagreement over economic growth favored by France's president François Hollande and fiscal responsibility favored by Germany's chancellor Angela Merkel is also reflected in the G8 summit declaration where the G8 members stated "The global economic recovery shows signs of promise, but significant headwinds persist. Against this background, we commit to take all necessary steps to strengthen and reinvigorate our economies and combat financial stresses, recognizing that the right measures are not the same for each of us."

During their first meeting the G8 leaders discussed the nuclear program of Iran, North Korea's nuclear ambitions, and the violent internal conflict in Syria. They agreed that Iran must prove that its nuclear programme is peaceful and that North Korea will be further isolated if it "continues down the path of provocation".{{cite web|title=Obama welcomes G8 leaders at Camp David|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18126840|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 May 2012|date=19 May 2012}} There were consensus among the G8 that the Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria must be fully implemented. The G8 also discussed the political transition in Burma. In this context President Obama said: "On a brighter note, we had the opportunity to discuss Burma, and all of us are hopeful that the political process and transition and transformation that is beginning to take place there takes root."

The G8 states committed themselves to a New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition with African leaders and the private sector whose target it is to lift 50 million people from poverty within 10 years.{{cite web|title=Obama: Eurozone 'must focus on jobs and growth'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18135042|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 May 2012|date=20 May 2012}}{{cite news|last=Strom|first=Stephanie|title=Firms to Invest in Food Production for World's Poor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/18/business/white-house-enlists-45-firms-to-give-3-billion-to-grow-food-for-worlds-poor.html?_r=2&ref=groupofeight|access-date=20 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 May 2012}}{{cite news|title=Hollande Tells Obama Troop Pullout Will Proceed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/world/afghan-security-iran-syria-on-agenda-between-g8-leaders-ahead-of-nato-summit.html?ref=groupofeight|access-date=20 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 May 2012|author=Helene Cooperand John H. Cushman Jr.}} By this alliance, the G8 wanted to "accelerate the flow of private capital to African agriculture, take to scale new technologies and other innovations that can increase sustainable agricultural productivity, and reduce the risk borne by vulnerable economies and communities."{{cite web|title=Document: Statement from G8 world leaders|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/05/2012519222516600431.html|work=The White House Office of the Press Secretary|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 May 2012|date=19 May 2012}} The G8 leaders also discussed a broad release of national oil reserves to steady shaky energy markets when sanctions against Iran began on 28 July 2012 respectively when an oil embargo against Iran by the European Union went into effect on 1 July 2012.{{cite web|title=G8 leaders tout economic growth, fiscal responsibility|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/19/world/obama-g8-nato/index.html?hpt=wo_c2|publisher=CNN|access-date=20 May 2012|date=20 May 2012}}{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Helene|title=World Leaders Urge Growth, Not Austerity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/world/world-leaders-at-us-meeting-urge-growth-not-austerity.html?ref=groupofeight|access-date=20 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 May 2012}}

UK Prime Minister David Cameron was scheduled to meet with Hollande on the sidelines of the summit.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18112720 |title=Cameron and Hollande: Downing St dismisses talk of rift |date=18 May 2012 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 May 2012}} Obama held bilateral meetings with Cameron and Merkel.

File:38th G8 Protest Thurmont MD.jpg

Protest groups and other activists were expected to make a strong showing at the summit in Chicago. Adbusters, an organization that helped initiate Occupy Wall Street, had called for a mass occupation of Chicago starting on 1 May, before the venue was changed to the much less accessible Camp David.{{cite news|title=Adbusters Wants 50,000 G8/NATO Protesters in Chicago|url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/Adbusters-Wants-50000-G8NATO-Protesters-in-Chicago-138141328.html|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=NBC|date=26 January 2012|author=Lisa Balde|author2=Phil Rogers}} This call has the potential to bring together the newer US-focused Occupy movement with the ongoing anti-globalization movement.{{cite news|last=Calderone|first=Michael|title=EXCERPT -- OCCUPY: Why It Started. Who's Behind It. What's Next.|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/04/excerpt-occupy-why-it-sta_n_1184951.html|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=5 January 2012}}

About 150 protesters met in Thurmont, MD on 19 May.{{cite web |url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-791750 |title=G8 Protesters Shut Down Thurmont |last1=jwork09 |date=19 May 2012 |website=CNN iReport |publisher=CNN |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317013137/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-791750 |url-status=dead }} Your4State, a news station local to the area, said that the Thurmont Police were "preparing for the traffic and protesters" and that "their ten-member police force will grow."{{cite web |url=http://your4state.com/fulltext?nxd_id=246692 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130724191803/http://your4state.com/fulltext?nxd_id=246692 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2013 |title=Thurmont Preps for 38th G8 Summit in May |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Sujata |date=5 April 2012 |website=Your4State.com |publisher=Nexstar Broadcasting Group |access-date=25 July 2013 }} The protests in Thurmont were non-violent and around 30 of the protesters were allowed to stay at a local farm.{{cite web |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/breaking/bs-md-occupy-thurmont-20120514,0,6409974.story |title=Occupy Baltimore to protest G8 Summit in Thurmont |last1=Rector |first1=Kevin |date=14 May 2012 |website=The Baltimore Sun |publisher=The Tribune|access-date=25 July 2013}} Cozy, a local Inn, sold all of its rooms to journalists.{{cite web |url=http://www.wjla.com/articles/2012/03/2012-g8-summit-moves-to-camp-david-as-thurmont-prepares-73502.html |title=2012 G8 Summit moves to Camp David as Thurmont prepares |last1=Eisler |first1=Ben |date=7 March 2012 |website=WJLA.com |publisher=ABC News |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010043548/http://www.wjla.com/articles/2012/03/2012-g8-summit-moves-to-camp-david-as-thurmont-prepares-73502.html |url-status=dead }}

File:Protests in Thurmont Town Square.JPG

Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel proposed a set of ordinances to prepare for protests during the summit in Chicago before the summit was moved to Camp David. Though Emanuel initially stated that these ordinances would apply only during the summit, he later acknowledged that they would be permanent.{{cite news|title=Emanuel admits he erred on describing G8, NATO parade rules as temporary|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/clout/chi-emanuel-admits-he-erred-on-describing-g8-nato-parade-rules-as-temporary-20120103,0,771194.story|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=3 January 2012|author=Hal Dardick|author2=Kristen Mack}}

• Authorization for the Mayor to purchase and deploy surveillance cameras throughout the city, without any type of oversight{{cite web|title=ACLU of Illinois continues opposition to amended ordinances on demonstration rules, urges City Council to expand oversight of surveillance cameras|url=http://www.aclu-il.org/aclu-of-illinois-continues-opposition-to-amended-ordinances-on-demonstration-rules-urges-city-council-to-expand-oversight-of-surveillance-cameras/|publisher=ACLU|access-date=27 January 2012}}{{cite news|last=Harcourt|first=Bernard|title=Outlawing dissent: Rahm Emanuel's new regime|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/jan/19/outlawing-dissent-rahm-emanuel-new-regime|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=19 January 2012}}
• Restrictions on public activity, including amplified sound and morning gatherings{{cite news|title=Chicago aldermen approve Emanuel's G-8, NATO protest crackdown|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/clout/chi-chicago-aldermen-approve-emanuels-g8-nato-protest-crackdown-20120118,0,4766516.story|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=18 January 2012|author=Kristen Mack|author2=Hal Dardick}}
• Restrictions on parades, including the requirement to purchase an insurance policy worth $1 million and to register every sign or banner that will be held by more than one person{{cite news|last=Kilkenny|first=Allison|title=Adbusters Calls for 50,000 Protesters to Meet at Chicago's G8|url=http://inthesetimes.com/uprising/entry/12624/adbusters_calls_for_50000_protesters_to_meet_at_chicagos_g8/|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=In These Times|date=26 January 2012|archive-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129022353/http://inthesetimes.com/uprising/entry/12624/adbusters_calls_for_50000_protesters_to_meet_at_chicagos_g8|url-status=dead}}
• The power to deputize many different types of law enforcement personnel other than the Chicago Police Department

These new ordinances drew protests from the ACLU, Amnesty International, the Occupy Movement (particularly Occupy Chicago), and the anti-abortion movement.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

File:Stephen Harper by Remy Steinegger Infobox.jpg|{{flagicon|Canada}} Canada
Stephen Harper,
Prime Minister

File:François Hollande - 2017 (27869823159) (cropped 2).jpg|{{flagicon|France|1974}} France
François Hollande,
President

File:Angela Merkel 2019 cropped.jpg|{{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
Angela Merkel,
Chancellor

File:Mario Monti Senato 2011.jpg|{{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
Mario Monti,
Prime Minister

File:Yoshihiko Noda 20110902 (retouched).jpg|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japan
Yoshihiko Noda,
Prime Minister

File:Dmitry Medvedev official large photo -1 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|Russia}} Russia
Dmitry Medvedev,
Prime Minister

File:David Cameron official.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
David Cameron,
Prime Minister

File:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg|{{flagicon|United States}} United States
Barack Obama,
President (Host)

File:Herman Van Rompuy 675.jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} European Union
Herman Van Rompuy,
Council President

File:José Manuel Barroso (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} European Union
José Manuel Barroso,
Commission President

{{Portal|Energy}}

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

{{reflist}}

• Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations.] London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-16486-3}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39013643 OCLC 39013643]./

{{commons category}}

• [https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/ecosum/2012g8/index.htm Official G8 summit website]
• University of Toronto: G8 Research Group, [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca G8 Information Centre]

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