3D body scanning
{{Short description|Measurement of the body as a point cloud}}
File:Fantasitron photo booth at Madurodam can scan up to two people at a time IMG 3797 FRD.jpg]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
3D body scanning is an applicationParker, C.J., Gill, S. and Hayes, S.G. (2017), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003351/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/27d2/ad96e4f68440f9b7c2b032e7ffaf5b52a45c.pdf 3D Body Scanning has Suitable Reliability: An Anthropometric Investigation for Garment Construction]", in D'Apuzzo, N. (Ed.), Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2017 – 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Montreal QC, Canada, 11–12 Oct. 2017, Hometrica Consulting – Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo, Ascona, Switzerland, pp. 298–305. of various technologies such as structured-light 3D scanner, 3D depth sensing, stereoscopic vision and others for ergonomic and anthropometric investigation of the human form as a point-cloud. The technology and practice within research has found 3D body scanning measurement extraction methodologies to be comparable to traditional anthropometric measurement techniques.Simmons, K.P. and Istook, C.L. (2003), '[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karla_Simmons/publication/235272804_Body_measurement_techniques_Comparing_3D_body-scanning_and_anthropometric_methods_for_apparel_applications/links/550b52d20cf290bdc111e362/Body-measurement-techniques-Comparing-3D-body-scanning-and-anthropometric-methods-for-apparel-applications.pdf Body measurement techniques: Comparing 3D body-scanning and anthropometric methods for apparel applications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928043928/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karla_Simmons/publication/235272804_Body_measurement_techniques_Comparing_3D_body-scanning_and_anthropometric_methods_for_apparel_applications/links/550b52d20cf290bdc111e362/Body-measurement-techniques-Comparing-3D-body-scanning-and-anthropometric-methods-for-apparel-applications.pdf |date=28 September 2018 }}', Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, MCB UP Ltd, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 306–332.Bougourd, J.P., Dekker, L., Grant Ross, P. and Ward, J.P. (2000), 'A Comparison of Women's Sizing by 3D Electronic Scanning and Traditional Anthropometry', Journal of The Textile Institute, Vol. 91 No. 2, pp. 163–173.
Applications
While the technology is still developing{{when|date=November 2018}} in its application, the technology has regularly been applied{{Cite web |url=http://www.3dbodyscanning.org/cap/papers2016.html |title=List of Papers - 3DBST 2016 |website=www.3dbodyscanning.org |access-date=2 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203074801/http://www.3dbodyscanning.org/cap/papers2016.html}} in the areas of:
- Adapted performance sportswear
- Fashion design (e.g. garments, accessories)
- 3D printed figurines (3D selfies)
- 3D morphometric evaluation (i.e. for weight-loss purposes{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/naked-labs-body-scanner-review/ |title=The Naked Labs smart mirror scanned our nearly naked bodies and we don't know what to think |first=Ry |last=Crist |website=CNET |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126080616/https://www.cnet.com/reviews/naked-labs-body-scanner-review/ |url-status=live}})
- Ergonomic body measurement
- 3D body measurement
- Body shape classification{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=A. |last2=Ledingham |first2=R. |last3=Williams |first3=H. |year=2017 |title=Variability in body size and shape of UK offshore workers: A cluster analysis approach |journal=Applied Ergonomics |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=265–272|doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2016.07.001 |pmid=27633221 |hdl=10059/1591 |hdl-access=free }}
- Comparison of changes in body positions {{cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=S. |last2=Ashdown |first2=S. P. |year=2011 |title=3D body scan analysis of dimensional change in lower body measurements for active body positions |journal=Textile Research Journal |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=81–93|doi=10.1177/0040517510377822 }}
However, despite the potential for the technology to have an impact in made-to-measure and mass customisation of items with ergonomic properties, 3D body scanning has yet to reach an early adopter or early majority stage of innovation diffusion. This in part due to the lack of ergonomic theory relating to how to identify key landmarks on the body morphology.{{cite journal |last=Gill |first=S. |year=2015 |title=A review of research and innovation in garment sizing, prototyping and fitting |journal=Textile Progress |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–85|doi=10.1080/00405167.2015.1023512 }}{{cite conference |last1=Gill |first1=S. |last2=Parker |first2=C. J. |last3=Hayes |first3=S. |last4=Wren |first4=P. |last5=Panchenko |first5=A. |year=2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292617223 |title=The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of automated body scanner waist definitions of the TC2 scanner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928043918/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christopher_Parker/publication/292617223_The_True_Height_of_the_Waist_Explorations_of_Automated_Body_Scanner_Waist_Definitions_of_the_TC2_Scanner/links/56b0786508ae8e37214ead61.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2018 |conference=5th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning Technologies |location=Lugano, Switzerland |pages=55–65 |url-status=live}} The suitability of 3D body scanning is also context dependent as the measurements taken{{cite conference|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Ahmed|first2=Maryam|last3=Parker|first3=Christopher J.|last4=Hayes|first4=Steven G.|book-title=Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2017 - 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Montreal QC, Canada, 11-12 Oct. 2017 |title=Not All Body Scanning Measurements Are Valid: Perspectives from Pattern Practice |conference=3DBODY.TECH 2017 – 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies|date=2017|pages=43–52|doi=10.15221/17.043|isbn=9783033064362}} and the precision of the machine {{cite conference|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Gill|first2=Simeon|last3=Hayes|first3=Steven G.|book-title=Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2017 - 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Montreal QC, Canada, 11-12 Oct. 2017 |title=3D Body Scanning has Suitable Reliability: An Anthropometric Investigation for Garment Construction |conference=3DBODY.TECH 2017 – 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies|date=2017|pages=298–305|doi=10.15221/17.298|url=http://www.3dbody.tech/cap/abstracts/2017/17298parker.html|access-date=30 April 2018|isbn=9783033064362|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430181746/http://www.3dbody.tech/cap/abstracts/2017/17298parker.html|url-status=live}} are highly relative to the task in hand rather than being an absolute. Additionally, a key limitation of 3D body scanning has been the upfront cost of the equipment and the required skills by which to collect data and apply it to scientific and technical fields. However, the utilization of depth cameras on recent smartphones helps reduce the cost of 3D scans. One example of this is the recent{{when?|date=July 2024}} free face scan app available on the Apple App Store.{{cite web |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/3d-face-scanner-research/id1607559555 |title=3D Face Scanner iOS App Collecting Data for Research |website=apps.apple.com}} For detailed investigation of the changes of the body dimensions a high speed (4D) scanning systems were developed by [https://3dmd.com/ 3dMD] and Instituto de Biomemechanics de Valencia ([https://www.ibv.org/en/home/ IBV]). Scanning of moving humans with clothing at high resolution (usually 10–60 Hz) is technically possible, as reported multiple times by Chris [https://www.3dbody.tech/cap/abstracts/2022/2228lane.html Lane], Alfredo [https://www.3dbody.tech/cap/abstracts/2021/2148ballester.html Ballester] and Yordan Kyosev,{{Cite conference |book-title=Proc. of 3DBODY.TECH 2021 - 12th Int. Conf. and Exh. on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies |last1=Kuehn |first1=Tino |last2=Kyosev |first2=Yordan |date=2021-10-19 |title=4D Scanning of Clothed Humans - Preliminary Results |url=https://3dbody.tech/cap/abstracts/2021/2125keuhn.html |doi=10.15221/21.25 |isbn=978-3-033-08853-5|s2cid=245761193 }}{{Cite book |last1=Kyosev |first1=Yordan |last2=Tomanova |first2=Vanda |last3=Schmidt |first3=Ann-Malin |title=Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2022 - 13th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 25-26 October 2022 |chapter=Method for Automatic Analysis of the Clothing Related Body Dimension Changes During Motion Using High-Speed (4D) Body Scanning |date=2022-10-25 |chapter-url=https://www.3dbody.tech/cap/abstracts/2022/2224kyosev.html |language=en |location=Lugano, Switzerland |publisher=Hometrica Consulting |doi=10.15221/22.24 |isbn=978-3-033-09520-5|s2cid=252706138 |doi-access=free }} but the analysis and application of this data seems to be challenging. Main worldwide events for scientific exchange in the area of 3D and 4D body scanning are the annual [https://www.3dbody.tech/ 3DBody.Tech Conference] and Clothing-Body-Interaction conference [https://mt.webspace.tu-dresden.de/cbi/doku.php?id=cbi2023:start]{{Cite web |last=O'Mahony |first=Marie |date=2021-09-09 |title=The dynamic relation between humans and clothing |url=https://www.innovationintextiles.com/the-dynamic-relation-between-humans-and-clothing/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Innovation in Textiles}}
Scanning protocol
Although the process has been established for a considerable amount of time with international conferences held annually for industry and academics (e.g. the International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning Technologies), the protocol and process of how to scan individuals is yet to be universally formalised.Chi, L. and Kennon, R. (2006), 'Body scanning of dynamic posture', International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 166–178. However, earlier research {{cite book|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Hayes|first2=S|last3=Parker|first3=Christopher J.|title=Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop of Advanced Manufacturing and Automation |chapter=3D Body Scanning: Towards Shared Protocols for Data Collection- Addressing the needs of the body scanning community for ensuring comparable data collection |date=2016|pages=281–284|doi=10.2991/iwama-16.2016.53|url=http://toc.proceedings.com/32122webtoc.pdf|isbn=978-94-6252-243-5|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030617/http://toc.proceedings.com/32122webtoc.pdf|url-status=live}}
has proposed a standardised protocol of body scanning based on research and practice that demonstrates how non-standardised protocol and posture significantly influences body measurements;Mckinnon, L. and Istook, C. L. (2002), "Body scanning: The effects of subject respiration and foot positioning on the data integrity of scanned measurements", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 103–121. including the hip.{{cite journal|last1=Gill|first1=Simeon|last2=Parker|first2=Christopher J.|title=Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning|journal=Ergonomics|date=2017|volume=60|issue=8|pages=1123–1136|doi=10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621|pmid=27764997|s2cid=23758581|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33471|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022102411/https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/Scan_posture_definition_and_hip_girth_measurement_the_impact_on_clothing_design_and_body_scanning/9347600|url-status=live}}
The standard scanning protocol, however, produces no measurements that fail to meet the precision of manual measurement methods or ISO 20685:2010[https://www.iso.org/standard/54909.html ISO 20685:2010] tolerances. But through consecutive scanning and a free algorithm called GRYPHON,{{Citation|title=UoMResearchIT/Gryphon|date=2020-10-21|url=https://github.com/UoMResearchIT/Gryphon|publisher=Research IT, University of Manchester, UK|access-date=2021-05-19|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702042350/https://github.com/UoMResearchIT/Gryphon|url-status=live}} 97.5% of measurements meet ISO 20685:2010; a precision increase of 327%.{{Cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Gill|first2=Simeon|last3=Harwood|first3=Adrian|last4=Hayes|first4=Steven G.|last5=Ahmed|first5=Maryam|date=2021-05-19|title=A Method for Increasing 3D Body Scanning's Precision: Gryphon and Consecutive Scanning|journal=Ergonomics|volume=65 |issue=1 |language=en|pages=39–59|doi=10.1080/00140139.2021.1931473|pmid=34006206|issn=0014-0139|doi-access=free}}
File:Madurodam Shapeways 3D selfie in 1 20 scale after a second spray of varnish FRD.jpg in 1:20 scale printed by Shapeways using gypsum-based printing, from models reconstructed by Madurodam from 2D pictures of patrons taken at its Fantasitron photo booth.|alt=|center]]
See also
- {{annotated link|3D scanning}}
- A light stage is equipment used for shape, texture, reflectance and motion capture often with structured light and a multi-camera setup
- [https://www.mirrorsize.com/ Mirrorsize- 3D Body Measurement Technology]
- {{annotated link|Finger tracking}}
- {{annotated link|Gesture recognition}}
- 4D scanning{{Cite book |last1=Kyosev |first1=Yordan |last2=Tomanova |first2=Vanda |last3=Schmidt |first3=Ann-Malin |title=Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2022 - 13th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 25-26 October 2022 |chapter=Method for Automatic Analysis of the Clothing Related Body Dimension Changes During Motion Using High-Speed (4D) Body Scanning |date=2022-10-25 |chapter-url=https://www.3dbody.tech/cap/abstracts/2022/2224kyosev.html |language=en |location=Lugano, Switzerland |publisher=Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo |doi=10.15221/22.24 |isbn=978-3-033-09520-5|s2cid=252706138 |doi-access=free }}