3D textiles

3D fabrics can be formed with 3D weaving, 3D knitting, 3D braiding, non-woven methods and with many newer technologies, such as 3D printing, etc.

There are several types of 3D woven fabrics that are commercially available; they can be classified according to their weaving technique.N. Khokar, "3D Fabric-forming Processes: Distinguishing between 2D-weaving, 3Dweaving and an Unspecified Non-interlacing Process," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 97–106, 1996.

1. 3D woven interlock fabrics, are 3D woven fabrics produced on a traditional 2D weaving loom, using proper weave design and techniques, it could either have the weaver/z-yarn going through all the thickness of the fabric or from layer to layer.
2. 3D orthogonal woven fabrics, are 3D woven fabrics produced on a special 3D weaving loom. The process to form such fabric was patented by Mohamed and Zhang.M. H. Mohamed and Z.-H. Zhang, "Method of Forming Variable Cross-Sectional Shaped Three-Dimensional Fabrics". US Patent 5085252, 4 February 1992. The architecture of the 3D orthogonal woven fabric consists of three different sets of yarns; warp yarns (y-yarn), weft yarns (x-yarn), and (z-yarn). The Z - yarn is placed in the through-thickness direction of the preform. In 3D orthogonal woven fabrics there is no interlacing between the warp and weft yarns and they are straight and perpendicular to each other. On the other hand, z-yarns combine the warp and the weft layers by interlacing (moving up and down) along the y-direction over the weft yarn. Interlacing occurs on the top and the bottom surface of the fabric.N. Khokar, "3D-weaving: Theory and Practice," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 193–207, 2001.N. Khokar, "Noobing: A Nonwoven 3D Fabric-forming process explained," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 52–74, 2002.

• 3D orthogonal woven fabrics have less or no yarn crimp (the difference in length of yarn, before and after weaving); therefore, mechanical properties of fibers are almost fully used in warp and weft directions. Thus, it could benefit from the maximum load carrying capacity of high performance fibers in these directions.{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1115/1.2349543|title = 3D Woven Carbon/Glass Hybrid Spar Cap for Wind Turbine Rotor Blade|year = 2006|last1 = Mohamed|first1 = Mansour H.|last2 = Wetzel|first2 = Kyle K.|journal = Journal of Solar Energy Engineering|volume = 128|issue = 4|pages = 562–573}}
• There is no need for layering to create a part, because the single fabric has a considerable thickness that provides the full three-dimensional reinforcement.P. Schwartz, "Structure and Mechanics of Textile Fibre Assemblies", Woodhead publishing Ltd. 2008.

3D knitting is a method of forming an article of clothing directly from the yarns.{{Cite web|date=2015-03-08|title=3D knitting: after 8,000 years a new dimension in weaving and spinning|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/08/3d-knitting-weaving-spinning-printing|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The Guardian|language=en}} Typical examples are socks and one piece tights. 3D knitted fabrics are also used for the production of certain reinforcement structures.{{Cite book|last=Au|first=K. F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RndwAgAAQBAJ&q=3d+knitting&pg=PA141|title=Advances in Knitting Technology|date=2011-02-26|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-85709-062-1|pages=141|language=en}} Since 2017, Uniqlo has been offering fully 3D knit garments including T-shirts and dresses through a partnership with Shima Seiki.{{Cite web |title=Fast Retailing Launches Innovation Factory Co., Ltd. - Enters Joint Venture with Shima Seiki Mfg., Ltd. {{!}} FAST RETAILING CO., LTD. |url=https://www.fastretailing.com/eng/ir/news/1610271530.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.fastretailing.com}} Other companies and designers have been exploring this technology, including for knit-on-demand or customized garments.{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Michael |date=April 6, 2017 |title=3-D Knitting Brings Tech to Your Sweaters—for a Price |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/04/06/152728/3-d-knitting-brings-tech-to-your-sweaters-for-a-price/ |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review}} Another technology that can be considered 3D knit is spacer knit.{{Citation |last=Ray |first=Sadhan Chandra |title=24 - Production of spacer fabrics in knitting |date=2012-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857091086500247 |work=Fundamentals and Advances in Knitting Technology |pages=283–292 |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Sadhan Chandra |access-date=2023-11-06 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing India |doi=10.1533/9780857095558.283 |isbn=978-0-85709-108-6}} This technique creates a flat textile that has a sponge-like character.

{{Main|3D braided fabrics}}

Non-woven 3D fabrics are made of short fibers (natural and cut filaments of synthetic yarn). They are comparatively less successful.{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Xiaogang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0SdBAAAQBAJ&q=3D+nonwoven+fabrics|title=Advances in 3D Textiles|date=2015-05-28|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-78242-219-8|pages=183–202|language=en}}

{{Main|3D printing}}

Fabric manufacturing by three-dimensional printer employs additive manufacturing, also known as additive layer manufacturing (ALM), a CAD-aided manufacturing technique that builds the object layer by layer.{{Cite book |last1=Hu |first1=Hong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_mhDwAAQBAJ |title=Auxetic Textiles |last2=Zhang |first2=Minglonghai |last3=Liu |first3=Yanping |date=2019-07-11 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |isbn=978-0-08-102212-2 |pages=69 |language=en}}

3D printing has entered the world of clothing, with fashion designers experimenting with 3D-printed bikinis, shoes, dresses, bags and pouches.

"N-12" is a nylon bikini that was 3D printed by Shapeways.{{Cite web|first=Stephanie |last=Pappas |title=The 10 Weirdest Things Created By 3D Printing|url=https://www.livescience.com/34566-weirdest-3d-printed-objects.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=livescience.com|date=21 May 2013 |language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2013-11-01|title=3D Printed Clothing Becoming a Reality |url=http://www.resins-online.com/blog/3d-printed-clothing/|access-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101165629/http://www.resins-online.com/blog/3d-printed-clothing/|archive-date=2013-11-01}}{{Cite web|date=2011-06-10|title=World's first 3D printed bikini heads for the beach|url=https://newatlas.com/n12-3d-printed-bikini/18869/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=New Atlas|language=en-US}}

Nike is using 3D printing to prototype and manufacture the 2012 Vapor Laser Talon football shoe for players of American football, and New Balance is 3D manufacturing custom-fit shoes for athletes. Vapor Laser Talon boots has 3D-printed footplates.{{Cite web|date=2013-03-04|title=Nike Vapor Laser Talon 3D printed football boot studs by Nike|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2013/03/04/nike-vapor-laser-talon-3d-printed-football-boot-studs-by-nike/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Dezeen|language=en}} Futurecraft STRUNG is another 3D printed variant belongs to Adidas.{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Adidas reveals Futurecraft STRUNG, the "ultimate" 3D printed running shoe|url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/adidas-reveals-futurecraft-strung-the-ultimate-3d-printed-running-shoe-177073/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=3D Printing Industry|language=en-US}}

Though very expensive, the 3D printer also printed a dress. Dita Von Teese wore a 3D printed gown with a fibonacci sequence that was designed by Michael Schmidt and the architect, Francis Bitonti.{{Cite web|title=Revealing Dita Von Teese in a Fully Articulated 3D Printed Gown - Shapeways Blog|url=https://www.shapeways.com/blog/archives/1952-Revealing-Dita-Von-Teese-in-a-Fully-Articulated-3D-Printed-Gown.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.shapeways.com}}{{Cite web|date=2013-03-07|title=3D-printed dress for Dita Von Teese|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2013/03/07/3d-printed-dress-dita-von-teese-michael-schmidt-francis-bitonti/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Dezeen|language=en}}

3D printing is increasingly utilized in the design and production of bags and pouches. Notable examples include XYZBAG, an Italian brand specializing in personalized 3D-printed bags, and JK3D, a company fabricating various 3D-printed products. ASTERYAM, a US-based startup, focuses on creating unique pouches and bags using 3D-printed chainmail fabric.

Auxetic materials are materials which expand when stretched. They have the ability to be thicker when stretched.{{Cite book|last=Lim|first=Teik-Cheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7XzBQAAQBAJ&q=Auxetic+materials+are+the+materials+which+expands+when+stretched.|title=Auxetic Materials and Structures|date=2014-12-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-287-275-3|pages=3|language=en}} Fibers, yarns, and fabrics with auxetic properties are known as auxetic textiles.{{Cite book|last1=Hu|first1=Hong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_mhDwAAQBAJ|title=Auxetic Textiles|last2=Zhang|first2=Minglonghai|last3=Liu|first3=Yanping|date=2019-07-11|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102212-2|pages=1–13|language=en}}{{Cite journal|title=Auxetic Textiles|url=https://journals.matheo.si/index.php/ACSi/article/viewFile/145/101|journal=Journals.matheo.si}} There are certain types of needle-punched nonwovens.{{Cite journal|last1=Verma|first1=Prateek|last2=Shofner|first2=Meisha L.|last3=Lin|first3=Angela|last4=Wagner|first4=Karla B.|last5=Griffin|first5=Anselm C.|date=2015-07-01|title=Inducing out-of-plane auxetic behavior in needle-punched nonwovens|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PSSBR.252.1455V|journal=Physica Status Solidi B |volume=252|issue=7|pages=1455–1464|doi=10.1002/pssb.201552036|bibcode=2015PSSBR.252.1455V|s2cid=120375878 |issn=0370-1972}}{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-01|title=Micromechanical analysis of nonwoven materials with tunable out-of-plane auxetic behavior|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167663618302151|journal=Mechanics of Materials|language=en|volume=129|pages=236–245|doi=10.1016/j.mechmat.2018.11.004|issn=0167-6636|last1=Rawal|first1=Amit|last2=Sharma|first2=Sumit|last3=Kumar|first3=Vijay|last4=Rao|first4=P.V. Kameswara|last5=Saraswat|first5=Harshvardhan|last6=Jangir|first6=Nitesh Kumar|last7=Kumar|first7=Rajat|last8=Hietel|first8=Dietmar|last9=Dauner|first9=Martin|s2cid=139246418}} 3D printers are also helpful in making auxetic materials for textiles. These fabrics have advanced properties that are useful in making various composite materials and high-performance applications.{{Cite book|last1=Hu|first1=Hong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_mhDwAAQBAJ&q=3d+textiles|title=Auxetic Textiles|last2=Zhang|first2=Minglonghai|last3=Liu|first3=Yanping|date=2019-07-11|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102212-2|pages=337, 340|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Grimmelsmann|first1=N.|last2=Meissner|first2=H.|last3=Ehrmann|first3=A.|date=2016|title=3D printed auxetic forms on knitted fabrics for adjustable permeability and mechanical properties|journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering|language=en|volume=137|issue=1|pages=012011|doi=10.1088/1757-899X/137/1/012011|bibcode=2016MS&E..137a2011G|issn=1757-899X|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Kabir|first1=Shahbaj|last2=Kim|first2=Hyelim|last3=Lee|first3=Sunhee|date=2020-06-01|title=Characterization of 3D Printed Auxetic Sinusoidal Patterns/Nylon Composite Fabrics|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-020-9507-6|journal=Fibers and Polymers|language=en|volume=21|issue=6|pages=1372–1381|doi=10.1007/s12221-020-9507-6|s2cid=219976867|issn=1875-0052}}{{Cite book|last1=Jawaid|first1=Mohammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotuDwAAQBAJ&q=3d+printer+auxetic+textiles&pg=PA424|title=Mechanical and Physical Testing of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites|last2=Thariq|first2=Mohamed|last3=Saba|first3=Naheed|date=2018-09-14|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102300-6|pages=414|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Kettley|first=Sarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdLsDwAAQBAJ&q=3d+printer+auxetic+textiles&pg=PA155|title=Designing with Smart Textiles|date=2016-06-02|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-6916-5|pages=155|language=en}}

Auxetic textiles are used in protective clothing, upholstery, sports, filtration, body armor, bulletproof vests (because of shock absorbing properties), etc.{{Cite web|date=2001-03-09|title=Auxetic Materials - Applications|url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=168|access-date=2021-06-24|website=AZoM.com|language=en}}{{Cite news|date=2012-12-01|title=Hook's law|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2012/12/01/hooks-law|access-date=2021-06-24|issn=0013-0613}}

File:Textilbeton1.jpeg

Other applications of 3D textiles are:{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOFVAAAAMAAJ&q=%223D+textiles%22+-wikipedia|title=Materials World: The Journal of the Institute of Materials|date=2006|publisher=Institute of Materials|language=en}}

{{Main|Composite material}}

3D textiles are primarily used in manufacturing textile structural composites that are usable in military and construction.{{Citation|last=Ko|first=Frank K.|title=Advanced Textile Structural Composites|date=1993|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2842-5_8|work=Advanced Topics in Materials Science and Engineering|pages=117–137|editor-last=Morán-López|editor-first=J. L.|place=Boston, MA|publisher=Springer US|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-2842-5_8|isbn=978-1-4615-2842-5|access-date=2021-06-25|editor2-last=Sanchez|editor2-first=J. M.}}

3D textiles in medical textiles contribute to the following sectors:{{Cite journal|date=2015-01-01|title=Three-dimensional fabrics as medical textiles|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781782422143000127|journal=Advances in 3D Textiles|language=en|pages=305–340|doi=10.1016/B978-1-78242-214-3.00012-7|last1=Eriksson|first1=S.|last2=Sandsjö|first2=L.|series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles |isbn=9781782422143}}

In treating a wound over time by creating a favorable environment for healing, using both direct and indirect approaches, as well as preventing skin disintegration. Examples include 3D spacer fabrics.{{Cite book|last=Rajendran|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=za1vDwAAQBAJ&dq=3d+textiles+in+wound+management&pg=PA185|title=Advanced Textiles for Wound Care|date=2018-09-20|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102193-4|pages=185|language=en}}

{{Main|Vascular bypass}}

{{Main|Tissue engineering}}

{{Main|Implant (medicine)}}

Medical textiles use tubular fabrics with carefully chosen materials that are biocompatible, nonallergic, and nontoxic. For example, Dyneema, PTFE, Polyester, and Teflon are used for implants. The material type varies depending on the implant area; for example, PTFE is preferred for stent implants due to its nonstick properties, while polyolefin is used for mesh implants.{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Kim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=une7DwAAQBAJ&dq=3d+textiles+in+vascular+grafting&pg=PA332|title=Woven Textiles: Principles, Technologies and Applications|date=2019-11-01|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102498-0|pages=332|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Xiaogang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0SdBAAAQBAJ&dq=3d+textile+implants&pg=PA324|title=Advances in 3D Textiles|date=2015-05-28|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-78242-219-8|pages=324|language=en}}

• Aerospace and automobile industry
• Shoes
• Filteration
• Construction industry

• 3D composites

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Category:Textiles