969 Movement

{{Infobox militant organization

| name = 969 Movement

| native_name = ၉၆၉ လှုပ်ရှားမှု

| logo = 969 Movement Flag.jpg

| country = Myanmar

| ideology = Islamophobia
Buddhist nationalism

}}

The 969 Movement ({{Langx|my|၉၆၉ လှုပ်ရှားမှု}}) is a Buddhist nationalist movement opposed to what they see as Islam's expansion in predominantly Buddhist Myanmar (Burma). The three digits of 969 "symbolize the virtues of the Buddha, Buddhist practices and the Buddhist community". The first 9 stands for the nine special attributes of the Buddha and the 6 for the six special attributes of his Dhamma, or Buddhist Teachings, and the last 9 represents the nine special attributes of Buddhist Sangha (monastic community). Those special attributes are the Three Jewels of the Buddha. In the past, the Buddha, Sangha, Dhamma, the wheel of Dhamma, and "969" were Buddhist signs.{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/31215 |title=Nationalist Monk U Wirathu Denies Role in Anti-Muslim Unrest |date=2 April 2013 |publisher=Irrawaddy.org |access-date=19 October 2013}}

The movement has had strong reactions within{{cite web|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/6439-monks-speak-out-against-misuse-of-969.html |title=Monks speak out against misuse of '969' |publisher=Mmtimes.com |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}} and beyond Myanmar. In the international media it has received criticism. The Straits Times reported that Ashin Wirathu, the movement's leader, responded to recent anti-Muslim violence with pledges to work for peace, but critics remain skeptical.{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/st/print/956332|title=Anti-Muslim monk changes tack, vows to promote peace|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=1 April 2013|author=Nirmal Ghosh}}

Various media organizations have described the movement as being anti-Muslim or "Islamophobic".{{cite web|last=Downs |first=Ray |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/is-burmas-anti-muslim-violence-led-by-buddhist-neo-nazis/ |title=Is Burma's Anti-Muslim Violence Led by Buddhist Neo-Nazis ? |publisher=Vice.com |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}{{cite web |last=Sardina |first=Carlos |url=http://www.dvb.no/news/features-news/the-monks-behind-burma%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9C969%E2%80%9Dmovement-2/28079 |title=Who are the monks behind Burma's '969' campaign? | DVB Multimedia Group |publisher=Dvb.no |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031233152/http://www.dvb.no/news/features-news/the-monks-behind-burma%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9C969%E2%80%9Dmovement-2/28079 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}{{cite news|author=Lindsay Murdoch |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/antimuslim-movement-grows-in-myanmar-20130415-2huze.html |title=Anti-Muslim movement hits Myanmar |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}{{cite web |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/10-Apr-2013/myanmar-s-extremist-buddhists-get-free-rein |title=Myanmar's extremist Buddhists get free rein |date=10 April 2013 |publisher=Nation.com.pk |access-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015191020/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/international/10-Apr-2013/myanmar-s-extremist-buddhists-get-free-rein |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} The movement's Myanmar Buddhist supporters deny it is anti-Muslim, with Bhikkhu Wirathu stating it is a protective movement about targeting "Bengalis who are terrorizing ethnic Rakhine (Buddhists)".{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130331/religious-radicals-driving-myanmar-unrest-experts|title=Religious radicals driving "Myanmar's" unrest|date=31 March 2013|newspaper=Global Post|access-date=21 April 2013|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183105/https://www.pri.org/dispatch/news/afp/130331/religious-radicals-driving-myanmar-unrest-experts|url-status=dead}} Alex Bookbinder, in The Atlantic, links the movement's origins in a book written in the late 1990s by Kyaw Lwin, a functionary in the Ministry of Religious Affairs, and its precepts are rooted in a traditional belief in numerology. Across South Asia, Muslims represent the phrase "In the Name of God, the Compassionate and Merciful" with the number 786, and businesses display the number to indicate that they are Muslim-owned. 969's proponents see this as a Muslim plot to conquer Burma in the 21st century, based on the premise that 7 plus 8 plus 6 is equal to 21 (this ignores the fact that in the Islamic calendar, it is not the 21st century yet and won't be for over six more centuries). The number 969 is intended to be 786's cosmological opposite.{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/969-the-strange-numerological-basis-for-burmas-religious-violence/274816/ |title=969: The Strange Numerological Basis for Burma's Religious Violence - Alex Bookbinder |publisher=The Atlantic |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}

Wirathu

Wirathu is regarded as the movement's highest protector. It has been reported that he advocates the boycott of shops owned by Muslims.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/apr/16/burma-bin-laden-buddhist-monk-video |title=Burma's Bin Laden, the Buddhist monk who fuels hatred - video | World news |work=The Guardian|date= 16 April 2013|access-date=19 October 2013 |location=London |first1=Kate |last1=Hodal |first2=Mustafa |last2=Khalili |first3=Alice |last3=Salfield}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/450375/20130326/saydaw-wirathu-myanmar-969-burma.htm |title=Fanatical Buddhist Monk Saydaw Wirathu Calling for Boycott of Myanmar Muslims [VIDEO] - IBTimes UK |publisher=International Business Times.co.uk |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/asia-pacific/the-burmese-bin-laden-fomenting-violence-against-myanmars-muslims |title=The 'Burmese bin Laden' fomenting violence against Myanmar's Muslims | The National |publisher=Thenational.ae |date=29 March 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}} Wirathu has himself stated that the movement has been treated as a scapegoat by being unfairly blamed for events like the 2012 Rakhine State riots, and maintains that "969 is not violent".{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/30965 |title=Root Out the Source of Meikhtila Unrest |publisher=Irrawaddy.org |access-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827232539/http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/30965 |archive-date=27 August 2013 }} The Asia Times Online has described him as a "complex figure" who demonises Muslims, but also protests police violence.{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-01-020413.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402200031/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-01-020413.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2 April 2013|title=Buddhism turns violent in Myanmar|newspaper=Asia Times|date=2 April 2013|author=Matthew J Walton}} An article in The Straits Times says a source indicated that Wirathu had changed his tone and "pledged to promote peace among religious communities".{{cite web|last=Ghosh |first=Nirmal |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/se-asia/story/outspoken-anti-muslim-monk-pledges-promote-peace-myanmar-20130331 |title=Outspoken anti-Muslim monk pledges to promote peace in Myanmar |publisher=Straitstimes.com |access-date=19 October 2013}}

The cover story of the 20 June 2013 issue of Time magazine called Wirathu "The Face of Buddhist Terror".{{cite news|last=Beech |first=Hannah |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2146000,00.html#ixzz2Wo5x4M7Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621021018/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2146000,00.html#ixzz2Wo5x4M7Q |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2013 |title=The Buddhist Monks Advocating Intolerance in Asia |publisher=TIME |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}} "You can be full of kindness and love, but you cannot sleep next to a mad dog", Wirathu said, referring to Muslims. "If we are weak", he said, "our land will become Muslim".{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/text/2021235489.html |title=Extremism builds among Myanmar's Buddhists | Seattle Times Newspaper |publisher=Seattletimes.com |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}} "Some people misunderstood the title [of the Time article] ... seeing it as an insult to religion", said Dr. Yan Myo Thein, a political analyst. "They believe it’s equating Buddhism with terrorism".{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/extremist-myanmar-monk-lashes-out-at-time-after-being-called-buddhisms-face-of-terror/2013/06/21/9bb9b788-da42-11e2-b418-9dfa095e125d_story.html|title=Extremist Myanmar monk lashes out at Time after being called Buddhism's 'face of terror' - The Washington Post|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621140229/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/extremist-myanmar-monk-lashes-out-at-time-after-being-called-buddhisms-face-of-terror/2013/06/21/9bb9b788-da42-11e2-b418-9dfa095e125d_story.html |archive-date=21 June 2013 }} After the publication of the Time article, Wirathu denied responsibility for anti-Muslim violence.{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/monk-06212013182954.html |title=Myanmar Monk Rejects Terrorist Label Following Communal Clashes |publisher=Rfa.org |access-date=19 October 2013}} Shortly after, the June 2013 issue of Time featuring Wirathu was banned in Myanmar.{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/myanmar-bans-time-magazine-over-buddhist-terror-cover-story/|title=Myanmar bans TIME Magazine over 'Buddhist Terror' cover story (video)|first=Alex|last=Williams|work=Inside Investor|date=28 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013}}

Burma's government has objected to the magazine article. Authorities deny they are defending the monk, Wirathu, but said they were concerned the article could create problems after recent unrest between Buddhists and Muslims. Burmese President Thein Sein, however, has defended Wirathu, saying the monk's order was striving for peace and prosperity and that the report undermined efforts to rebuild trust between faiths. "The government is currently striving with religious leaders, political parties, media and the people to rid Myanmar [Burma] of unwanted conflicts," he added.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23027492 |title=BBC News - Burmese leader defends 'anti Muslim' monk Ashin Wirathu |publisher=BBC |date=24 June 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}} Wirathu has said that the Time article was not against Buddhism, just against him. In an interview with The Irrawaddy magazine, he also alleged Muslim extremists were behind the article and planning to wage jihad against Burma.{{cite web|author=Daniel Schearf |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/burma-objects-to-time-magazine-criticism/1687888.html |title=Burma Objects to Time Magazine Criticism |date=24 June 2013 |publisher=Voice of America |access-date=19 October 2013}}

Hundreds of protesters took to the streets of Yangon early in the afternoon on 30 June 2013 in a peaceful demonstration against Time magazine's article on Wirathu and the 969 movement. Marching monks held a banner proclaiming that Wirathu is "not a terrorist, but a protector of race, language and religion". Speaking to Mizzima News, one demonstrator, a 51-year-old office manager, said, "Time magazine is wrong. He [Wirathu] is peaceful. Every monk is a peacemaker. The Buddhist religion wants brotherhood with everyone."{{Cite web|url=http://mizzima.com/news/myanmar/9610-buddhist-monks-lead-protest-against-time-article|title=Buddhist monks lead protest against TIME article|date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709081103/http://mizzima.com/news/myanmar/9610-buddhist-monks-lead-protest-against-time-article |archive-date=9 July 2013 }}

In September 2014, Wirathu attended a "Great Sangha Conference" in Colombo organised by Bodu Bala Sena. Ashin Wirathu said that his 969 Movement would work with the Bodu Bala Sena.{{cite news|title=Ashin Wirathu Thera of Myanmar to work with BBS |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/53056-ashin-wirathu-thera-of-myanmar-to-work-with-bbs.html|work=Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|date=28 September 2014}}

Initiatives

The movement is seeking to draft a law that would forbid Buddhist women from marrying non-Buddhist men without the permission of local officials.{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21582321-fuelled-dangerous-brew-faith-ethnicity-and-politics-tit-tat-conflict-escalating |title=Buddhism v Islam in Asia: Fears of a new religious strife |newspaper=The Economist|date=27 July 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}} Dhammapiya, a senior monk who helped write the original proposal for the laws, said they were meant to encourage peace between different faiths and to "protect" Buddhist women from being forced to convert to Islam when they married Muslim men. Government religious regulatory authorities, while supporting the protection of the Buddhist faith from perceived Islamic threats, reject the legal initiatives of the 969 movement and "prohibited the creation of formal organisations" based on 969 principles.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-buddhism-idUSBRE98A0EP20130911|title=Myanmar Buddhist committee bans anti-Muslim organizations|newspaper=Reuters|date=11 September 2013|author=Jared Ferrie and Min Zayar Oo|access-date=18 October 2013}}

969 Movement

Wirathu

Initiatives

See also

References

Further reading