ABISMO

{{Main|Kaikō ROV}}

Between 1995 and 2003, Kaikō conducted more than 250 dives, collecting 350 biological species (including 180 different bacteria), some of which could prove to be useful in medical and industrial applications.{{cite web

|author=Suvendrini Kakuchi

|date=21 July 2003

|url=http://www.tierramerica.net/english/2003/0721/iarticulo.shtml

|title=The Underwater Wonders Revealed by Kaiko

|publisher= Tierramérica: Environment & Development

|access-date=27 June 2010

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526095906/http://www.tierramerica.net/english/2003/0721/iarticulo.shtml

|archive-date=26 May 2011

}} Kaikō reached a maximum depth of 10,911.4 meters at the Challenger Deep on 24 March 1995, during its initial sea trials.{{cite news

|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8080324.stm

|title=Robot sub reaches deepest ocean

|date=3 June 2009

|publisher=BBC News

|access-date=27 June 2010}}{{cite book

|author1=M. Kyo |author2=E. Hiyazaki |author3=S. Tsukioka |author4=H. Ochi |author5=Y. Amitani |author6=T. Tsuchiya |author7=T. Aoki |author8=S. Takagawa |title=Oceans '95. MTS/IEEE. Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment (Conference Proceedings)

|chapter=The sea trial of "Kaiko", the full ocean depth research ROV

|volume=3

|location=San Diego, California

|isbn=0-933957-14-9

|doi=10.1109/OCEANS.1995.528882

|date=October 1995

|pages=1991–1996

|s2cid=110932870 }}{{cite web

|author =JAMSTEC

|year=2007

|url=http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html

|title=Maximum depth reached by Kaikō

|publisher=Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

|location=Yokosuka, Japan

|access-date=27 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100615055050/http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html| archive-date= 15 June 2010 | url-status= live}} Kaikō returned to Challenger Deep in February 1996, this time reaching a maximum depth of 10,898 meters.{{cite journal

|author1=Y. Nogi |author2=Chiaki Kato |title=Taxonomic studies of extremely barophilic bacteria isolated from the Mariana Trench and description of Moritella yayanosii sp. nov., a new barophilic bacterial isolate

|journal=Extremophiles

|volume=3

|issue=1

|pages=71–77

|date=January 1999

|pmid=10086847

|doi=10.1007/s007920050101

|s2cid=9565878 }}{{cite journal

|author1=Chiaki Kato |author2=Lina Li |author3=Yuichi Nogi |author4=Yuka Nakamura |author5=Jin Tamaoka |author6=Koki Horikoshi |title=Extremely Barophilic Bacteria Isolated from the Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep, at a Depth of 11,000 Meters

|journal=Appl Environ Microbiol

|volume=64

|issue=4

|pages=1510–1513

|date=April 1998

|doi=10.1128/AEM.64.4.1510-1513.1998 |url= |pmid=9546187

|pmc=106178

|bibcode=1998ApEnM..64.1510K }} Kaikō made its last visit to Challenger Deep in May 1998. On 29 May 2003, Kaikō was lost at sea off the coast of Shikoku Island during Typhoon Chan-Hom, when a steel secondary cable connecting it to its launcher at the ocean surface broke. In May 2004, JAMSTEC resumed its research operations, using a converted ROV as its vehicle. This ROV, formerly known as UROV 7K, was rechristened Kaikō7000II. The 7000 designation indicates that this vessel is rated for diving to a maximum depth of 7,000 meters.

File:JAMSTEC Deep Sea Research Ship Kairei P7214312.jpg

RV Kairei (かいれい) is a deep sea research vessel that served as the support ship for Kaikō, and for its replacement ROV, Kaikō7000II. It now serves as the support ship for ABISMO. Kairei uses ABISMO to conduct surveys and observations of oceanic plateaus, abyssal plains, oceanic basins, submarine volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, oceanic trenches and other underwater terrain features to a maximum depth of 11,000 meters. Kairei also conducts surveys of the structure of deep sub-bottoms with complicated geographical shapes in subduction zones using its on-board multi-channel reflection survey system.{{cite web

|author =JAMSTEC

|year=2007

|url=http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kairei.html

|title=Deep Sea Research Vessel KAIREI

|publisher= Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

|location=Yokosuka, Japan

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

While the temporary replacement ROV (Kaikō7000II) has a remarkable performance record, it is only rated to 7,000 meters and cannot reach the deepest oceanic trenches. For this reason, JAMSTEC engineers began work on a new 11,000-meter class of ROV in April 2005.{{cite journal

|author1=Shōjirō Ishibashi

|author2=Hiroshi Yoshida

|title=Developing a Sediment Sampling ROV for the Deepest Ocean

|journal=Sea Technology

|date=March 2008

|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5367/is_200803/ai_n25418957/

|access-date=27 June 2010

}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book

|author1=Kazuaki Itoh

|author2=Tomoya Inoue

|author3=Junichiro Tahara

|author4=Hiroyuki Osawa

|author5=Hiroshi Yoshida

|author6=Shōjirō Ishibashi

|author7=Yoshitaka Watanabe

|author8=Takao Sawa

|author9=Taro Aoki

|title=Proceedings of the Eighth (2008) ISOPE Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium

|chapter=Sea Trials of the New ROV ABISMO to Explore the Deepest Parts of Oceans

|publisher=The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers

|location=Bangkok, Thailand

|date=10–14 November 2008

|pages=1

|isbn=978-1-880653-52-4

|chapter-url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE-PACOMS/PACOMS2008/papers/P08-57itoh.pdf

|access-date=27 June 2010

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094404/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE-PACOMS/PACOMS2008/papers/P08-57itoh.pdf

|archive-date=4 October 2011

}} The project is called ABISMO (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile), which translates to abyss in Spanish and Portuguese.

Like Kaikō, ABISMO consists of 4 major parts:

1. electronic instruments aboard RV Kairei, the support ship
2. Launcher (a sampling station)
3. Vehicle (a sediment probe)
4. Samplers (a gravity corer or Smith Macintyre type sampler)

Except for the sampler and the smaller size of the ROV itself, the system configuration is the same as for Kaikō. The launcher launches and recovers the ROV along with its sampler. Click [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094404/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE-PACOMS/PACOMS2008/papers/P08-57itoh.pdf here] to see a photograph of ABISMO and its launcher, as well as RV Kairei, the support ship.

The lower part of the launcher is constructed of a stainless steel framework, within which the vehicle is stored. Pressure hulls for electronic devices, a winch, a secondary cable drum and two electric transformers are located in the upper part of the launcher. The samplers include a gravity core sampler and a bottom grab sampler. There is also a docking system and an acoustic positioning system in the lower part of the launcher. The vehicle is hung in the launcher by the docking system. When the system detaches it and the cable drum feeds the secondary cable, the vehicle can dive down, and its position is measured by the acoustic positioning system. The position of the launcher is measured by RV Kairei, the support ship. The launcher also has a high-definition television (HDTV) camera with pan and tilt functions.

Initial sea trials of ABISMO were conducted in 2007. The craft successfully reached a planned depth of 9,760-meters, the deepest part of Izu–Ogasawara Trench, where it collected core samples of sediment from the seabed. Plans are underway for a mission to the Challenger Deep.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

In June 2008, the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) deployed the 4,517-ton Deep Sea Research Vessel Kairei to the area of Guam for cruise KR08-05 Leg 1 and Leg 2.

On 1–3 June 2008, during Leg 1, the Japanese robotic deep-sea probe ABISMO (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile) on dives 11-13 almost reached the bottom about {{convert|150|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the Challenger Deep: "Unfortunately, we were unable to dive to the sea floor because the legacy primary cable of the Kaiko system was a little bit short. The 2-m long gravity core sampler was dropped in free fall, and sediment samples of 1.6m length were obtained. Twelve bottles of water samples were also obtained at various depths..." ABISMO's dive #14 was into the TOTO caldera (12°42.7777 N, 143°32.4055 E), about 60 nmi northeast of the deepest waters of the central basin of the Challenger Deep, where they obtained videos of the hydrothermal plume.[https://www.globaloceandesign.com/uploads/3/0/7/4/30747513/2009_into_the_trench_part_1.pdf Yoshida, H. et.al., The ABISMO Mud and Water Sampling ROV for Surveys at 11,000 m Depth, Marine Technology Society Journal, Winter 2009, Volume 43, No. 5, pp.87-96.] Upon successful testing to {{convert|10000|m|0|abbr=on}}, JAMSTEC’ ROV ABISMO became, briefly, the only full-ocean-depth rated ROV in existence. On 31 May 2009, the ABISMO was joined by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's HROV Nereus as the only two operational full ocean depth capable remotely operated vehicles in existence. During the ROV ABISMO's deepest sea trails dive its manometer measured a depth of {{convert|10257|m|0|abbr=on}} ±{{convert|3|m|0|abbr=on}} in “Area 1” (vicinity of 12°43’ N, 143°33’ E).[http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/catalog/data/doc_catalog/media/KR08-05_leg1-2_all.pdf KAIREI Cruise Report KR08-05 Leg1: Sea Trials of the Deep Ocean ROV ABISMO 2008/05/26 – 2008/06/06 Leg2: 11,000 m class Free Fall Mooring System 2008/06/07 – 2008/06/14 ][http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080616/ "ABISMO", Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile, Succeeds in World’s First Multiple Vertical Sampling from Mid-ocean, Sea Floor and Sub-seafloor over Depth of 10,000 m in Mariana Trench June 16, 2008 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]

Leg 2, under chief scientist Takashi Murashima, operated at the Challenger Deep June 8–9, 2008, testing JAMSTEC's new full ocean depth “Free Fall Mooring System,” i.e. a lander. The lander was successfully tested twice to {{convert|10895|m|0|abbr=on}} depth, taking video images and sediment samplings at {{Coord|11|22.14|N|142|25.76|E}}, in the central basin of the Challenger Deep.[http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/kairei/kr08-05_leg2/e KAIREI KR08-05 Leg2 Cruise Data]

• {{annotated link|Autonomous underwater vehicle}}
• {{annotated link|Bathymetry}}
• {{annotated link|Deep sea}}
• {{annotated link|Deep-submergence vehicle}}
• {{annotated link|Diving chamber}}
• {{annotated link|Explorer AUV|Explorer AUV}}
• {{annotated link|Kaikō ROV|Kaikō ROV}}
• {{annotated link|DSV Limiting Factor|DSV Limiting Factor}}
• {{annotated link|Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe}}
• {{annotated link|DSV Shinkai|DSV Shinkai}}
• {{annotated link|Timeline of diving technology}}

{{reflist}}

{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite book

|author =Yoshida, H. |author2= Aoki, T. |author3= Osawa, H. |author4= Ishibashi, S.|author5= Watanabe, Y. |author6= Tahara, J. |author7= Miyazaki, T. |author8= Itoh, K.

|title=Symposium on Underwater Technology and Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies

|chapter=A Deepest Depth ROV for Sediment Sampling and Its Sea Trial Result

|location=Tokyo

|date=17–20 April 2007

|pages=28–33

|isbn=978-1-4244-1207-5

|doi=10.1109/UT.2007.370834

|s2cid= 26156264 }}

• {{cite book |author1=Hiroshi Yoshida |author2=Taro Aoki |author3=Hiroyuki Osawa |author4=Tsuyoshi Miyazaki |author5=Junichiro Tahara |author6=Shōjirō Ishibashi |author7=Hiroshi Ochi |author8=Yoshitaka Watanabe |author9=Masashi Mizuno |author10=Shibata Katsura |title=The Proceedings of the Sixteenth (2006) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference |editor1=Jin S. Chung |editor2=Seok Won Hong |editor3=Peter W. Marshall |editor4=Takeshi Komai |editor5=Wataru Koterayama |chapter=The Two-stage ROV to the Oceans' Deepest Depth |publisher=International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers |location=San Francisco |year=2006 |pages=187–191 |isbn=1-880653-66-4 |issn=1098-6189 |chapter-url=http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/Proc%20CD-2006-Toc_omni-0423jc.pdf |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173412/http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/Proc%20CD-2006-Toc_omni-0423jc.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web

|author =Noriyuki Murata

|date=16 June 2008

|url=http://w3.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080616/

|title=ABISMO (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile) Succeeds in World's First Multiple Vertical Sampling from Mid-ocean, Sea Floor and Sub-sea floor over Depth of 10,000 m in Mariana Trench

|publisher= The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

|location=Yokosuka, Japan

|access-date=27 June 2010}}

{{Refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090502161047/http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/gallery/mujin/kaiko.html JAMSTEC's Kaikō page]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211150237/http://www.smarterscience.net/marianatrench.html Wondering what this Mariana Trench is all about?]
• [http://marinebio.org/oceans/deep/ Marine Biology: The Deep Sea] – General resource on deep sea creatures
• [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/abe/abe.html Autonomous Benthic Explorer AUV (ABE)]
• [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=70906§ionid=1002 R.I.P. A.B.E: The pioneering Autonomous Benthic Explorer is lost at sea]

{{Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology vessels and vehicles}}

{{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}

{{Underwater diving|divsup}}

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Category:Deep sea fish

Category:Marine biology

Category:Research submarines of Japan

Category:Physical oceanography

Category:Remotely operated underwater vehicles

Category:Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology