ACE 3000
{{Short description|Proposed and never-built modern steam locomotive}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = ACE 3000
| image = TRAIN S USA AMERICAN COAL ENTERPRISES ACE 3000 4-4-4-2 COAL-BURNING DUPLEX-DRIVE CAB-FORWARD STEAM LOCOMOTIVE DESIGN BY ROSS ROWLAND FOR US MAINLINE FREIGHT USE - LATE 1970s - NEVER BUILT.jpg
| caption = Concept model of ACE 3000
| powertype = Steam
| designer = Ross Rowland
American Coal Enterprises
| builddate = Never built
| totalproduction = 0
| whytetype = 4-4-4-2 (later 2-10-0,2-10-2 or 2-8-0+0-8-2)
| gauge = {{track gauge|1435 mm}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|54|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|300|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype = Type "E"
| cylindercount = Four (Compound)
| valvegear = Walschaerts
| maxspeed = {{convert|70|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|3000|HP|kW|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|100000|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}} @0-15mph
| t/e starting = {{convert|70000|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| t/e continuous = {{convert|100000|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| operatorclass = ACE 3000
| disposition = Never built
}}
The ACE 3000 was a proposed modern 4-4-4-2 coal-burning duplex drive steam locomotive design for Ross Rowland's ACE 3000 Project and for the American Coal Enterprises, the locomotive was designed by Ross Rowland and was developed by American Coal Enterprises in the late 1970s.{{Harvp|American Society of Mechanical Engineers|1982|p=1}}{{Harvp|Johnson|1986|p=585}}{{Cite journal |last=Withuhn |first=William L. |date=1981 |title=New Steam in the 1980s? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43523899 |journal=Railroad History |issue=145 |pages=6–10 |jstor=43523899 |issn=0090-7847}}{{Cite journal |last=Withuhn |first=William L. |date=1987 |title=New Steam in the 1980s — What Happened? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43523740 |journal=Railroad History |issue=156 |pages=6–10 |jstor=43523740 |issn=0090-7847}}{{Cite journal |last=Thomsen |first=Dietrick E. |date=1981 |title=The Little Engine That Might |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3966368 |journal=Science News |volume=120 |issue=13 |pages=202–204 |doi=10.2307/3966368 |jstor=3966368 |issn=0036-8423|url-access=subscription }}
Testing
In 1985, Chesapeake and Ohio 614 was modified to do better performance under the guidance of David Wardale. For several weeks between January and February of 1985, No. 614 (renumbered to 614-T, with the "T" denoting testing) had hauled several coal trains between Huntington, West Virginia and Hinton, West Virginia.{{Cite news |date=1985-01-27 |title=A RAIL RUN IS TESTING STEAM USE |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/27/us/a-rail-run-is-testing-steam-use.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0362-4331}}
When the 1970s came, the 1970s oil crisis had hit and it was causing problems for the railroads that had dieselized in order to cut costs and operating diesels was getting more expensive.
Design
Development of the modern 4-4-4-2 coal-burning steam locomotive that was classified as the ACE 3000 was done by American Coal Enterprises, which was founded to raise funds to build this steam locomotive using modern technologies that could make steam just as efficient as diesels, such as multiple-unit operation, and computer-operated boiler vigilance.{{Harvp|United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources|1984|p=96}}{{Harvp|Whitehouse|1983|p=232}}
The locomotive was originally designed to be a steam turbine locomotive, but was instead redesigned to utilizing a traditional reciprocating drive as the development of the locomotive had continued.{{cite book |last=Boyd |first=Jim |url= |title=The Steam Locomotive A Century of North American Classics |date= |publisher=MetroBooks |isbn=1586636138 |location= |page=103 |author-link=}}
At first it was designed as a duplex-drive, cab-forward cowl unit that looked similar to a diesel, before being given a wheel arrangement better suited for eastern coal trains, such as a 2-10-0 or even a 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt locomotive by L.D. Porta.{{Cite news |last=Vantuono |first=William C. |date=2021-08-10 |title=BOOK REVIEW: The Steam Locomotive Energy Story |work=Railway Age |url=https://www.railwayage.com/mechanical/book-review-the-steam-locomotive-energy-story/ |access-date=}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
= News =
- {{Cite news |last=Girdlestone |first=Phil |date= |title=Phil Girdlestone, steam pioneer – obituary |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/06/17/phil-girdlestone-steam-pioneer--obituary/ |access-date=}}
= Magazines =
- {{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-MDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22ACE+3000%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA114 |title=Popular Mechanics - Volume 162, No. 9: September 1985|date=1985|magazine=Hearst Magazines|access-date=2023-10-16|page=93, 114}}
= Books =
- {{Cite book |last=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB-b8sql2B0C&dq=ace+3000&pg=PA96 |title=Coal Use by the Nation's Railroads - Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First and Second Session, on the Reintroduction of Coal as Fuel for Railroad Locomotives, Roanoke, VA, November 28, 1983; Washington, D.C., December 20, 1983; Richmond, VA, January 19, 1984 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1984}}
- {{Cite book |last=Whitehouse |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouqAuOwpamIC&dq=ace+3000&pg=PA232 |title=New Scientist - 27 Jan 1983 |publisher=Reed Business Information |year=1983}}
- {{Cite book |last=Glancey |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKiWAwAAQBAJ&dq=ace+3000&pg=PT365 |title=Giants of Steam: The Great Men and Machines of Rail's Golden Age |publisher=Atlantic Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1782395669}}
- {{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO5VAAAAMAAJ&q=ace+3000 |title=Railfan & Railroad - Volume 16 |publisher=Carstens Publications |year=1997}}
- {{Cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKs3AQAAMAAJ&dq=ace+3000&pg=RA2-PR16 |title=Quarterly Coal Report |date=1982 |access-date=2023-09-22}}
- {{Cite book |last=American Society of Mechanical Engineers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wttSAAAAMAAJ&q=ace+3000 |title=Paper |year=1982}}
- {{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_c9PAAAAMAAJ&q=ace+3000 |title=Contemporary Physical Distribution and Logistics |publisher=Macmillan |year=1986 |isbn=0023608404}}