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AN/SPY-1

{{short description|Passive electronically scanned radar system}}

{{Infobox radar

|name = AN/SPY-1

|image = USS_Lake_Erie_in_port_04017003.jpg

|caption = The AN/SPY-1 radar antennas are the light grey octagonal panels on the front and starboard side of the superstructure of {{USS|Lake Erie|CG-70|6}}.

|country = United States

|introdate = {{start date and age|1973}}{{r|CSIS_2021}}

|number =

|type = 3D Air search

|frequency = S band{{r|CSIS_2021}}

|range = {{convert|370|km|nmi mi|abbr=on}}{{r|CSIS_2021}}{{r|Lewis_2012}}

|altitude =

|diameter =

|azimuth = 0–360°

|elevation = Horizon–zenith{{r|FAS_1997}}

|precision =

|power = 6 MW

}}

The AN/SPY-1{{efn|Army Navy Joint Electronics Type Designation System / S - Water (surface ship), P - Radar, Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control), model numberJoint Electronics Type Designation System}} is a United States Navy passive electronically scanned array (PESA) 3D radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin, and is a key component of the Aegis Combat System. The system is computer controlled and uses four complementary antennas to provide 360-degree coverage. The system was first installed in 1973 on {{USS|Norton Sound|AVM-1|6}} and entered active service in 1983 as the SPY-1A on {{USS|Ticonderoga|CG-47|6}}. The -1A was installed on ships up to CG-58, with the -1B upgrade first installed on {{USS|Princeton|CG-59|6}} in 1986. The upgraded -1B(V) was retrofitted to existing ships from CG-59 up to the last, {{USS|Port Royal|CG-73|6}}.

Description

The first production model of the SPY-1 series is SPY-1, which forms the baseline configuration of all subsequent SPY-1 radars. SPY-1A has four antenna arrays in two separate deckhouses, with each antenna array containing 148 modules. Each module contains up to 32 radiating elements and phase shifters, and modules are paired to form transmitting and receiving sub-arrays, which are grouped into 32 transmitting and 68 receiving arrays. Transmitting arrays are driven by eight transmitters, each with four crossed-field amplifiers (CFAs). Each CFA produces a peak power of {{val|132|u=kW}}. There are 4,096 total radiators, 4,352 receivers, and 128 auxiliary elements on each antenna array. The power requirement of SPY-1A is four times that of the AN/SPS-48. The AN/UYK-7 computer controls SPY-1.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}}

SPY-1A is a development of SPY-1, resulting from the deployment of SPY-1-equipped {{USS|Ticonderoga|CG-47|6}} off the Lebanese coast. It was discovered that the false alarm rate was high because the radar would pick up swarms of insects and clutter from mountainous terrain. The solution was to allow the operator to change the sensitivity profile of radar by periodically reducing attenuation, and setting threat and non-threat sectors according to changing environment.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} The result was more efficient utilization of resources. About 10% of the software totaling thirty thousand lines were rewritten to accommodate the necessary upgrade.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} In 2003, the U.S. Navy donated a SPY-1A antenna to the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma, making it one of the first stationary phased arrays used in weather forecasting. This Multifunction Phased Array Radar was decommissioned and removed in 2016.

SPY-1B adopts VLSI, resulting in increased performance and reduced size and weight. For example, the electronic cabinets area was reduced from 11 to 5, with the corresponding weight reduced from {{convert|14700|lb|abbr=on}} to {{convert|10800|lb|abbr=on}}, and separate digital modules are reduced from 3,806 to 1,606.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} A 7-bit phase shifter replaced the 4-bit phase shifter in earlier models, with the corresponding weight of phase shifters in the face of the antenna reduced from {{convert|12000|lb|abbr=on}} to {{convert|7900|lb|abbr=on}}, and a reduction of the side lobe by {{val|15|u=dB}}. There are 4,350 radiators with two side lobe cancellation antennae, each with two elements, and the radar uses eleven 16-bit microprocessors. The ability to counter steep diving missiles was improved with more energy at higher elevations or longer pulse.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}}

SPY-1B(V) is a development of earlier SPY-1B with moving target indication capability incorporated in 1997.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}}

SPY-1D was first installed on {{USS|Arleigh Burke|DDG-51|6}} (DDG-51) in 1991, with all antennas in a single deckhouse. It is a variant of the -1B to fit the {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|4}} using the UYK-43 computer, with the main antenna also used as missile uplinks, thus eliminating the need for separate missile uplinks in earlier models. The AN/UYA-4 display in earlier models is replaced by the UYQ-21 display.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} Starting with Flight III (DDG-125), the Arleigh Burke class is being equipped with AN/SPY-6(V)1 radar from Raytheon; Flight IIA (DDG-79 to DDG-124) will be retrofitted with the AN/SPA-6(V)4 variant.{{r|spy6family}}{{r|30xCapable}}

SPY-1D(V), the Littoral Warfare Radar, was an upgrade introduced in 1998 with a new track initiation processor for high clutter near-coast operations, where the earlier "blue water" systems were especially weak. The waveform is coded and signal processing is improved.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} The ability to resist electronic attack was also improved.{{Cite web |title=AN/SPY-1 Radar |url=https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/an-spy-1.htm |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=man.fas.org}}

SPY-1E SBAR (S-Band Active Array) is the only active electronically scanned array (AESA) model in the SPY-1 series. SPY-1E utilizes commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) subsystems, and a single-faced demonstration unit was built in 2004. The weight of the antenna remains the same, but the weight below the deck is greatly reduced.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} It was later renamed to AN/SPY-2 and subsequently developed into AN/SPY-4 Volume Search Radar (VSR) for {{sclass|Zumwalt|destroyer}}s and {{sclass|Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier}}s to complement their AN/SPY-3 X-band radar. VSR was removed from the Zumwalt class due to budgetary concerns and will be replaced with Raytheon AN/SPY-6 on the Gerald R. Ford class starting with {{USS|John F. Kennedy|CVN-79}}.{{r|usni2016}}

SPY-1F FARS (frigate array radar system) is a smaller version of the 1D designed to fit frigates. It is used in Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen-class frigates. The origin of the SPY-1F can be traced back to the FARS proposed to the German Navy in the 1980s. The size of the antenna of SPY-1F is reduced from the original {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|0}} with 4,350 elements to 8 ft (2.4 m) with 1,856 elements, and the range is {{percentage|54|100}} of the SPY-1D.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} It is not used by the U.S. Navy, although there were proposals to retrofit Freedom-class littoral combat ships.

SPY-1F(V) is a derivative of SPY-1F with improved capability against littoral targets and cruise missiles and better multi-mission capability.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}}

SPY-1K is the smallest version of the radar currently offered, based on the same architecture as the 1D and 1F. It is intended for use on very small vessels such as corvettes, where the SPY-1F would be too large. The size of the antenna is further reduced to {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} with 912 elements.{{r|SPY-1}}{{rp|pages=316–317}} As of 2007, none were in service, although the radar is incorporated into the design of the yet-unbuilt {{ill|AFCON Corvette|es|Corbeta Afcon}}.{{r|AFCON}}{{r|Pike_2011}}

Variants

  • AN/SPY-1: Prototypes, {{USS|Norton Sound|AVM-1|6}}.
  • AN/SPY-1A: {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|1}}s up to CG-58.
  • AN/SPY-1B: Ticonderoga-class cruisers starting at CG-59. {{convert|3.66|m}} diameter.{{r|SPY-1_Family}}
  • AN/SPY-1B(V): Upgrade for the -1B version, retrofitted to CG-59 and up.
  • AN/SPY-1D: Variant of -1B designed for Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, Japanese {{sclass|Kongō|destroyer|1}}s and Spanish {{sclass|Álvaro de Bazán|frigate|1}}s (F-101-104).
  • AN/SPY-1D(V): Littoral Warfare Radar upgrade for the -1D variant applied to Arleigh Burke-class destroyers DDG 91 onwards,{{Cite book |title=Vision, Presence, Power: A Program Guide to the U.S. Navy |publisher=United States Department of the Navy |year=2004 |edition=2004 |pages=86 |language=en}} Japanese {{sclass|Atago|destroyer|1}}s and {{sclass|Maya|destroyer|1}}s, South Korean {{sclass|Sejong the Great|destroyer|1}}s (KDX-III), Spanish F-105 frigate and the Australian {{sclass|Hobart|destroyer|0}} air warfare destroyers (AWD).
  • AN/SPY-1F: Smaller version of the -1D designed to fit frigates. Installed on the Norwegian {{sclass|Fridtjof Nansen|frigate|1}}s. {{convert|2.44|m}} diameter.
  • AN/SPY-1K: Smallest version of the radar offered, intended to fit corvette-sized vessels. None currently in service.

Specifications

The following specifications apply to the SPY-1A/B/D series.

  • Size: {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on}} octagon
  • Weight above deck: {{convert|13030|lb|kg|abbr=on}} per face
  • Weight below deck:{{convert|131584|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
  • Range: {{convert|175|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}}
  • {{convert|45|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} against sea-skimming missiles
  • Targets simultaneously tracked: 200 each array, 800 total
  • Band: S-band 3–4 GHz; wavelength {{val|7.5|u=cm}}–{{val|10|u=cm}}{{r|journals.viamedica.pl}}
  • PRF: variable
  • Scan rate (scan/min): 1 (horizon), 12 (above horizon)
  • Peak Power: {{val|6|u=MW}}{{r|journals.viamedica.pl}}
  • Average Power: {{val|58|u=kW}}{{r|journals.viamedica.pl}}
  • Duty cycle: 1/100 seconds ({{percentage|1|100}}){{r|journals.viamedica.pl}}
  • Antenna Gain: 9,300{{r|journals.viamedica.pl}}

Operators

File:DDG-178MakingAshigara.jpg

  • {{AUS}}: {{sclass|Hobart|destroyer|1}}
  • {{JPN}}: {{sclass|Kongō|destroyer|1}}, {{sclass|Atago|destroyer|1}}, {{sclass|Maya|destroyer|1}}
  • {{NOR}}: {{sclass|Fridtjof Nansen|frigate|1}}
  • {{ESP}}: {{sclass|Álvaro de Bazán|frigate|1}}
  • {{KOR}}: {{sclass|Sejong the Great|destroyer|1}}
  • {{USA}}: {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|1}}, {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|1}}

See also

{{Portal|Electronics}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{Cite web | author = Missile Defense Project | title = AN/SPY-1 Radar | website = Missile Threat | publisher = Center for Strategic and International Studies | date = 2021-06-23 | orig-date = 7 April 2016 | url = https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/an-spy-1-radar/ | language = en | url-status = live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220806192727/https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/an-spy-1-radar/ | archive-date = 2022-08-06 | access-date = 2022-08-13 | df = dmy-all}}

{{cite web | first1 = George | last1 = Lewis | first2 = Theodore | last2 = Postol | author-link2 = Theodore Postol | title = Ballistic Missile Defense: Estimating the Range of an Aegis Radar against a Missile Warhead Target | website = mostlymissiledefense | date = 2012-10-23 | url = https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/10/23/438/ | language = en | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220513183318/https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/10/23/438/ | archive-date = 2022-05-13 | access-date = 2022-08-13 | df = dmy-all}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/docs/CG_04-97.htm |title=CG 47 CLASS ADVISORY NR. 04-97, HERP-HERO GUIDANCE | website = Federation of American Scientists |date = 1997-06-17 | access-date = 2022-08-13 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100821051552/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/docs/CG_04-97.htm| archive-date= 21 August 2010 | url-status= live}}

{{cite book | author-link1 = Norman Friedman |last1 = Friedman | first1 = Norman | date = 2006-05-15 | title = The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems |edition = 5th |url = {{Google books|4S3h8j_NEmkC|page=316|plainurl=yes}} | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | isbn = 978-1557502629 | pages = 316–317 | lccn = 2005031194 | oclc = 1131518158 | ol = OL3415017M | via = Google Books | df = dmy-all}}

{{cite web | url = http://www.afconships.com/products.html | title = The AFCON Products | date = n.d. | website = Lockheed Martin | language = en | access-date = 2022-08-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226204520/http://www.afconships.com/products.html | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = The AFCON Corvette has been designed with advanced features in mind, including a SPY-1K phased array radar, a hull mounted sonar system, a 76 mm Gun, a four-cell MK 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) and an Aegis-based Combat System. | df = dmy-all}}

{{cite web | url = https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/what-we-do/missile-defense/sensors/spy6-radars | title = U.S. Navy's SPY-6 Family of Radars | date = n.d. | website = Raytheon Missiles & Defense | access-date = 2022-08-13 | language = en-us | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220715092528/https://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/what-we-do/missile-defense/sensors/spy6-radars | archive-date = 2022-07-15 | df = dmy-all}}

{{cite web | first1 = Justin | last1 = Katz | url = https://breakingdefense.com/2022/01/raytheon-to-start-back-fitting-destroyers-with-spy-6-radar/ | title = Raytheon to start backfitting destroyers with SPY-6 radar | website = Breaking Defense | date = 2022-01-11 | url-status = live | language = en-us | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203912/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/01/raytheon-to-start-back-fitting-destroyers-with-spy-6-radar/ | archive-date = 2022-06-07 | df = dmy-all}}

{{cite news | last1 = LaGrone | first1 = Sam | date = 2016-08-22 | title = Raytheon Awarded $92M Navy Contract for Future Carrier, Big Deck AESA Radars | url = https://news.usni.org/2016/08/22/raytheon-awarded-92m-navy-contract-future-carrier-big-deck-aesa-radars | url-status = live | work = USNI News | language = en-us | publisher = United States Naval Institute | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220512062713/https://news.usni.org/2016/08/22/raytheon-awarded-92m-navy-contract-future-carrier-big-deck-aesa-radars | archive-date = 2022-05-12 | access-date = 2022-08-18 | quote = Based on Raytheon's SPY-6 S-band Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) planned for the services Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) guided missile destroyers, the Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) will be the volume air search radar for most of the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (CVN-78) — starting with John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) and the planned LHA-8 amphibious warship. | df = dmy-all }}

{{cite web | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/an-spy-1.htm | url-access = limited | title = AN/SPY-1 Radar | last1 = Pike | first1 = John | date = 2011-07-07 | website = GlobalSecurity.org | language = en | access-date = 2022-08-18 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319090112/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/an-spy-1.htm | archive-date = 2022-03-19 | quote = | df = dmy-all}}

{{cite web | url = http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/ms2/pdf/SPY-1_Family_brochure_6-pager.pdf | title = SPY-1 Family of Radars: Battle-Proven Naval Radar Performance | date = 2009 | website = Lockheed Martin | access-date = 2022-08-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110915180551/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/ms2/pdf/SPY-1_Family_brochure_6-pager.pdf | archive-date = 2011-09-15 | df = dmy-all}}

{{Cite journal | last1 = Moen | first1 = Bente E.| last2 = Møllerløkken | first2 = Ole Jacob | last3 = Bull | first3 = Nils | last4 = Oftedal | first4 = Gunnhild | last5 = Mild | first5 = Kjell Hansson | date = 2013 | title = Accidental exposure to electromagnetic fields from the radar of a naval ship: a descriptive study | journal = International Maritime Health | language = en | volume = 64 | issue = 4 | pages = 177–182 | doi = 10.5603/imh.2013.0001 | pmid = 24408137 | issn = 2081-3252 | doi-access = free| hdl = 11250/2384994 | hdl-access = free }}

}}

Further reading

{{refbegin|2}}

  • {{cite journal | author = | date = 1995-10-25 | title = BMDO Report To Congress Concludes...: European, Asian Missile Defenses Will Rely Heavily On Sea-Based Assets | journal = Inside Missile Defense | language = en-us | publisher = American Academy of Political and Social Science | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–17 | issn = 2164-8158 | jstor = 43970743 | oclc = 1042965038 | df = dmy-all}}
  • {{cite journal | last1 = Sirak | first1 = Michael C. | date = 1999-04-07 | title = Raytheon Scores $118 Million Deal To Produce Ntw Radar Prototype | journal = Inside Missile Defense | language = en-us | publisher = American Academy of Political and Social Science | volume = 5 | issue = 7 | page = 3 | issn = 2164-8158 | jstor = 43970321 | oclc = 1042965038 | df = dmy-all}}

{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category}}

  • [http://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/an-spy-1-radar/ Missile Threat CSIS - AN/SPY-1 Radar]
  • [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/an-spy-1.htm GlobalSecurity.org]
  • [http://www.tpub.com/content/fc/14099/css/14099_32.htm Fire Controlman Volume 02-Fire Control Radar Fundamentals (Revised) p32]—Table of radars
  • [http://www.tpub.com/content/fc/14099/css/14099_39.htm Fire Controlman Volume 02-Fire Control Radar Fundamentals (Revised) p39]—AN/SPY-1 history

{{Naval combat systems}}

{{United States Missile Defense}}

Category:Military electronics of the United States

Category:Lockheed Martin

Category:Military radars of the United States

Category:Sea radars

Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s