Abau language

{{Short description|Papuan language of Papua New Guinea}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Abau

| states = Papua New Guinea

| region = Sandaun Province

| speakers = {{sigfig|7,500|2}}

| date = 2008 census

| ref = e25

| familycolor = Papuan

| iso3 = aau

| glotto = abau1245

| glottorefname = Abau

| script = Latin

| fam1 = Sepik

| fam2 = Upper Sepik

}}

Abau is a Papuan language spoken in southern Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea, primarily along the border with Indonesia.

In 2002, there were estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 speakers, and this number does not appear to have declined since the first accurate count in the 1970s.

Abau is reported to have whistled speech.

Phonology

Abau has the simplest phonemic inventory in the Sepik language family.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
+VowelsSteven Moran and Daniel McCloy and Richard Wright. 2019. Abau sound inventory (PH). In: Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.) PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. (Available online at http://phoible.org/inventories/view/1160, Accessed on 2019-04-23.)

!

! Front

! Back

Close

| {{IPAlink|i}}

| {{IPAlink|u}}

Close-mid

| {{IPAlink|e}}

| {{IPAlink|o}}

Open

|

| {{IPAlink|ɑ}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
+Consonants

!

! Bilabial

! Alveolar

! Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

Nasal

| {{IPAlink|m}}

| {{IPAlink|n}}

|

|

|

Plosive

| {{IPAlink|p}}

|

|

| {{IPAlink|k}}

|

Fricative

|

| {{IPAlink|s}}

|

|

| {{IPAlink|h}}

Flap

|

| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}

|

|

|

Semivowel

|

|

| {{IPAlink|j}}

| {{IPAlink|w}}

|

Pronouns

Pronouns are:{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}

:

{{table}}

! !! sg !! du !! pl

1

| ha ~ han || hror || hrom

2

| hwon ~ hun

| rowspan="3" | hoh

| rowspan="3" | hom

3m

| hiy ~ hi

3f

| hok

The dual and plural numbers only distinguish between first person and non-first person. Also, the third-person gender distinction exists only for the singular, but not the dual or plural forms.

Noun classes

Abau noun classes are:

:

{{table}}

|+ Abau noun classes

! class !! formal marker !! semantics

class 1pruhuman, spirits
class 2k(a)-animals and default
class 3nasmall objects with some volume
class 4s(i)-flat surface objects
class 5pilong thin objects
class 6ugeographical locations
class 7iflat objects with little volume
class 8ricertain types of trees
class 9ein(d)-bundles of long uncut items
class 10reiktemporal
class 11hnawbundles of long cut items
class 12houk-part of a long object

Nouns can take on different class affixes depending on the physical characteristics being emphasized. Examples:

;su ‘coconut’

  • su pi-ron /coconut class.5-one/ ‘a coconut palm’
  • su ka-mon /coconut class.2-one/ ‘a coconut’

;pey ‘sugarcane’

  • pey pi-ron /sugarcane class.5-one/ ‘one stalk of uncut sugarcane’
  • pey houk-mon /sugarcane class.12-one/ ‘one piece of sugarcane’
  • pey eind-mon /sugarcane class.9-one/ ‘bundle of stored stalks of sugarcane’
  • pey hnaw-mon /sugarcane class.11-one/ ‘one bundle of sugarcane ready for transport’

Like most other Sepik languages, Abau overtly marks grammatical gender (see Sepik languages#Gender). The same object can be classified as either masculine or feminine, depending on the physical characteristics intended for emphasis. Example:

;youk ‘paddle’

  • youk se ‘paddle {{gcl|M}}.{{gcl|DAT}}’ (focuses on the length of the paddle)
  • youk ke ‘paddle {{gcl|F}}.{{gcl|DAT}}’ (focuses on the flat nature of the two-dimensional paddle blade)

Verbal morphology

Abau had three periodic tense suffixes: diurnal -kok, postmeridial -ropay and nocturnal -nayr{{cite journal|author=Jacques, Guillaume|year=2023|title=Periodic tense markers in the world’s languages and their sources.|journal=Folia Linguistica |volume=57|issue=3|pages=539–562|doi=10.1515/flin-2023-2013|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04239547}}

Vocabulary

The following basic vocabulary words are from Foley (2005)Foley, W.A. "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Pawley, A., Attenborough, R., Golson, J. and Hide, R. editors, Papuan Pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. PL-572:109-144. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2005. and Laycock (1968),Laycock, Donald C. 1968. Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66. as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/abau |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}

:

class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Abau

head

| makwe

ear

| nwek

eye

| nane; nanɛ

nose

| kasan

tooth

| nas

tongue

| sane; sanɛ

leg

| sune; sunɛ

louse

| mapru

dog

| nwɔf; nwɔhɔ

pig

| fwok

bird

| ahnɛ

egg

| ne

blood

| nyoh

bone

| ayo; i

skin

| ohi

breast

| mu

tree

| no; nɔw

man

| lu; or; ur

woman

| sa

sun

| e; ey

moon

| yen; yeny

water

| fu; hu

fire

| ya

stone

| məny

name

| uru

eat

| ra

one

| mun; rin

two

| pris

References

{{reflist}}

  • {{citation

| last=Laycock

| first=D.C.

| year=1965

| journal=Oceanic Linguistics

| title=Three Upper Sepik phonologies

| volume=4

| issue=1/2

| pages=113–118

| doi=10.2307/3622917

| jstor=3622917

}}