Abessive case

In the Somali language, the abessive case is marked by {{lang|so|-la'}}. For example:

:{{lang|so|magac}} "name"

:{{lang|so|magacla'}} "nameless"

:{{lang|so|dhar}} "clothes"

:{{lang|so|dharla'}} "clothesless," i.e., naked

In Martuthunira, the privative case is formed with either {{lang|vma|-wirriwa}} or {{lang|vma|-wirraa}}.{{cite book |first=Alan Charles |last=Dench |year=1995 |title=Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125 |isbn=0-85883-422-7 |url=http://www.linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |author-link=Alan Dench |access-date=2006-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615024601/http://linguistics.uwa.edu.au/staff/alan_dench/martuthunira |archive-date=2005-06-15 |url-status=dead }}

{{interlinear|lang=vma|indent=3|glossing=link

|Parla-wirraa nganarna.

|money-PRIV 1PL.EX

|We've got no money.}}

In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by {{lang|fi|-tta}} for back vowels and {{lang|fi|-ttä}} for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example:

:{{lang|fi|raha}} "money"

:{{lang|fi|rahatta}} "without money"

An equivalent construction exists using the word {{lang|fi|ilman}} and the partitive:

:{{lang|fi|ilman rahaa}} "without money"

or, less commonly:

:{{lang|fi|rahaa ilman}} "without money"

The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms:

:{{lang|fi|tuloksetta}} "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"

:{{lang|fi|Itkin syyttä.}} "I cried for no reason."

The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix {{lang|fi|-ma-}} / {{lang|fi|-mä-}}):

:{{lang|fi|puhu-ma-tta}} "without speaking"

:{{lang|fi|osta-ma-tta}} "without buying"

:{{lang|fi|välittä-mä-ttä}} "without caring"

:{{lang|fi|Juna jäi tulematta.}} "The train didn't show up."

This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:

:{{lang|fi|Juna ei tullut.}} "The train didn't show up."

It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and {{lang|fi|ilman}} forms are combined:

:{{lang|fi|ilman rahatta}}

There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.

Estonian also uses the abessive, which is marked by {{lang|et|-ta}} in both the singular and the plural:

:{{lang|et|(ilma) autota}} "without a car" (the preposition {{lang|et|ilma}} "without" is optional)

Unlike in Finnish, the abessive is commonly used in both written and spoken Estonian.

The nominal forms of verbs are marked with the affix {{lang|et|-ma-}} and the abessive marker {{lang|et|-ta}}:

:{{lang|et|Rong jäi tulemata.}} "The train didn't show up."

Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the {{lang|et|Nimeta baar}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |title=Nimeta Bar News |access-date=2006-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707113952/http://www.nimetabaar.ee/English.html |archive-date=2006-07-07 }} Nimeta baar, English page (the nameless bar) and the {{lang|et|Nimega baar}}http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php Nimega baar {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313133736/http://www.baarid.ee/en/NimegaBar/programm.php |date=March 13, 2012 }} (the bar with a name).

The abessive marker for nouns in Skolt Sámi is {{lang|sms|-tää}} or {{lang|sms|-taa}} in both the singular and the plural:

:{{lang|sms|Riâkkum veäʹrtää.}} "I cried for no reason."

The abessive-like non-finite verb form (converb) is {{lang|sms|-ǩâni}} or {{lang|sms|-kani}}:

:{{lang|sms|Son vuõʹlji domoi mainsteǩâni mõʹnt leäi puättam.}} "He/she went home without saying why he/she had come."

Unlike Finnish, the Skolt Sámi abessive has no competing expression for lack of an item.

The abessive marker for nouns in Inari Sámi is {{lang|smn|-táá}}. The corresponding non-finite verb form is {{lang|smn|-hánnáá}}, {{lang|smn|-hinnáá}} or {{lang|smn|-hennáá}}.

The abessive is not used productively in the Western Sámi languages, although it may occur as a cranberry morpheme.

In Hungarian, the abessive case is marked by {{lang|hu|-talan}} for back vowels and {{lang|hu|-telen}} for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes {{lang|hu|-tlan}} or {{lang|hu|-tlen}}. For example:

:{{lang|hu|pénz}} "money"

:{{lang|hu|pénztelen}} "without money"

:{{lang|hu|haza}} "home(land)"

:{{lang|hu|hazátlan}} "(one) without a homeland"

There is also the postposition {{lang|hu|nélkül}}, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianreference.com/postpositions-prepositions-personal-pronomial-before-after-between-instead-without.aspx|title=Postpositions (prepositions) in Hungarian [HungarianReference.com > Grammar > Misc grammar > Postpositions]|website=www.hungarianreference.com}}

:{{lang|hu|Cukor nélkül iszom a teát.}} "I drink tea without sugar."

:{{lang|hu|Testvér nélkül éltem.}} "I lived without siblings."

:{{lang|hu|Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül?}} "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"

In Mongolian, the privative suffix is {{lang|mn|-гүй}} ({{transliteration|mn|-güy}}). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to vowel harmony or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the comitative case, and the two form a pair of complementary case forms.{{cite book|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|authorlink=Juha Janhunen|title=Mongolian|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2012|pages=105 & 109|series=London Oriental and African Language Library}}

• Essive case
• Inessive case

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}

• [https://www.caritive.org/about-caritive Comparative concept caritive, as defined by the St.Petersburg project "Typology of caritive"]
• [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm Glossary of linguistic terms - What is abessive case?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621044710/http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAbessiveCase.htm |date=2008-06-21 }}

{{Grammatical cases}}

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Category:Grammatical cases