Abortion in Virginia
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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
Abortion in the U.S. state of Virginia is legal up to the end of the second trimester of a pregnancy. Abortion is the most protected in Virginia compared to all the former Confederate states.{{cite web | url=https://states.guttmacher.org/policies/virginia/abortion-policies | title=Interactive Map: US Abortion Policies and Access After Roe }} After Roe v. Wade was overturned in 2022, Virginia became an abortion access state for pregnant women across the Southern United States.
Before the year 1900, abortion remained largely illegal in Virginia, reflecting a widespread trend in many U.S. states during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Abortion was viewed as a criminal act and subject to state laws that prohibited it. However, by 1950, Virginia introduced a legal therapeutic exception, allowing for abortion under specific circumstances, primarily when a woman's physical or mental health was at risk. Notably, the University of Virginia Hospital established a review board in 1950 responsible for evaluating and approving abortion requests, particularly those grounded in psychiatric reasons. This thorough approval process resulted in a significant decrease in the number of abortions performed at the hospital.
In a landmark 1975 case, Bigelow v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered a pivotal ruling that declared state bans on abortion clinics advertising their services unconstitutional. This decision marked a turning point, ensuring that abortion providers in Virginia and across the country could openly communicate and provide information about their services to the public.
Abortion statistics in Virginia have revealed that there were 20,187 legal abortions performed in 2014, and this figure slightly decreased to 18,663 in 2015, providing insights into the scale of abortion procedures within the state's legal framework.
History
Virginia's journey through the legislative, judicial, and clinic histories regarding abortion underscores the state's ever-evolving approach to reproductive healthcare. Dating back to the late 1800s, when Virginia, akin to many states, implemented bans on abortion with therapeutic exceptions, the state aimed to navigate the delicate balance between protecting women's lives and regulating abortion practices. Over time, pivotal legal shifts reshaped Virginia's abortion landscape, starting with significant reforms in 1970 to align its laws with evolving legal standards.
In the 2023 United States elections in Virginia, Democrats retook full control of the General Assembly after campaigning on abortion rights, following Governor Glenn Youngkin's promise to institute a 15-week abortion ban in the state if the Republicans gained a majority.{{Cite web |last1=Rankin |first1=Sarah|title=Virginia Democrats sweep legislative elections after campaigning on abortion rights|url=https://apnews.com/article/virginia-legislature-election-2023-79f9337731c25decc83b83eeb4d3e00e|website=AP News |access-date=November 8, 2023 |date=November 8, 2023}}
= Legislative history =
Virginia's legislative history regarding abortion reflects a continual evolution of laws and regulations that have shaped access to reproductive healthcare. In the late 1800s, the state, like many others, had bans on abortion, with therapeutic exceptions. These exceptions allowed for abortions in cases where the mother's life was in danger. The legislation was aimed at reducing fatalities resulting from unsafe abortion procedures during that era.
In 1970, Virginia made significant reforms to its abortion laws, following the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code. This marked a shift in the state's approach to reproductive rights, aligning its regulations with evolving legal standards.
Throughout the following decades, Virginia introduced various regulations impacting abortion access. By 2007, the state was among those with detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirements, ensuring that individuals seeking abortion were provided specific information before the procedure.
In 2013, Virginia implemented Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) laws, imposing stringent requirements not only on abortion clinics, but also on private doctor offices and medication-induced abortions. These regulations sparked debates around their impact on access to abortion services and the health-care landscape.
In mid-May 2019, Virginia passed legislation banning abortion after the 25th week of pregnancy, further influencing the timeline for legal abortion procedures in the state.
In April 2020, Governor Ralph Northam signed bills removing certain abortion-related regulations. These bills eliminated requirements such as mandatory ultrasounds and social counseling on abortion alternatives 24 hours before the procedure. They also expanded health-care professionals authorized to perform first-trimester abortions, and removed the designation of facilities performing more than five abortions annually as hospitals.
Presently, Virginia prohibits abortions in the third trimester, except when continuing the pregnancy poses an imminent danger to the woman's life, as certified by a physician. This requires the certification of three doctors if terminating the pregnancy is deemed necessary due to the likelihood of the patient's death or substantial and irremediable impairment to her mental or physical health.
On February 7, 2024, the Virginia House rejected a bill that would have instituted a near-total abortion ban.{{Cite web |title=Near-total abortion ban rejected by Virginia House panel|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/total-abortion-ban-rejected-virginia-house-panel-107062904|website=ABC News |access-date=February 8, 2024 |date=February 8, 2024}}
= Judicial history =
The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.{{Cite journal|last=Buell|first=Samuel|date=January 1, 1991|title=Criminal Abortion Revisited|url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174|journal=New York University Law Review|volume=66|issue=6 |pages=1774–1831|pmid=11652642 }} (However, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, {{ussc|597||2022|docket=19-1392}} later in 2022.{{cite web |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |title = Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade |first = Ariane |last = de Vogue |date = June 24, 2022 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |work = CNN |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141808/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html |url-status = live }}{{cite news |last1 = Howe |first1 = Amy |title = Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion |url = https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |work = SCOTUSblog |date = June 24, 2022 |access-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-date = June 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220624142633/https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/ |url-status = live }})
The judicial history of abortion in Virginia is emblematic of the intricate and contentious legal terrain that has defined reproductive rights in the United States. Preceding the watershed ruling of Roe v. Wade in 1973, Virginia, like many states, enforced stringent abortion regulations. In 1972, the constitutionality of Virginia's abortion statutes came under scrutiny in the case of "United States v. Vuitch," ultimately reaching the hallowed chambers of the U.S. Supreme Court. The decision in Vuitch, though not a sweeping invalidation of Virginia's abortion laws, did provide essential elucidation on the criteria for medical judgment in determining the necessity of an abortion.
In the wake of the Roe v. Wade decision, Virginia, like its counterparts, was compelled to recalibrate its abortion laws to align with the newfound constitutional framework. The 1975 Supreme Court case "Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth" reaffirmed the principles established in Roe, thus necessitating the amendment of Virginia's abortion laws to fall in line with the constitutional mandate. Hence, during the first trimester, the state could no longer impose undue restrictions on abortion, safeguarding a woman's right to choose during this critical period.
= Clinic history =
File:Number of abortion clinics in Virginia by year.png
{{See also|Abortion clinic}}Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state declined by seventeen, going from 81 in 1982 to 64 in 1992.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDqXplZptaIC|title=A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights|last1=Arndorfer|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Michael|first2=Jodi|last3=Moskowitz|first3=Laura|last4=Grant|first4=Juli A.|last5=Siebel|first5=Liza|date=December 1998|publisher=Diane Publishing|isbn=9780788174810}} In 2014, there were eighteen abortion clinics in the state.{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-abortion-clinics-are-in-america-each-state-2017-2|title=The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state|last=Gould|first=Rebecca Harrington, Skye|website=Business Insider|access-date=May 23, 2019}} In 2014, 92% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 78% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8|title=This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell|author1=Panetta, Grace |author2=lee, Samantha|date=August 4, 2018|website=Business Insider|language=es|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524083342/https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8|url-status=dead}} In 2017, there were five Planned Parenthood clinics, of which four offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 1,971,590 women aged 15–49.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-planned-parenthood-locations-states/|title=Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood|access-date=May 23, 2019}}
In 2017 17,210 abortions were done in Virginia. Not all of these were done for people who were residents of the state, many people had to travel from farther due to their state not providing this option.
On May 9, 2007, an unidentified person deliberately set fire to a Planned Parenthood clinic in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
Statistics
In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.{{Cite journal|last1=Cates|first1=Willard|last2=Rochat|first2=Roger|date=March 1976|title=Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974|journal=Family Planning Perspectives|volume=8|issue=2|pages=86–92|doi=10.2307/2133995|jstor=2133995|pmid=1269687}} In 1990, 745,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. In 2010, the state had two federally funded abortions.{{Cite web|url=https://data.guttmacher.org/states/table?state=AL+AK+AZ+AR+CA+CO+CT+DE+DC+FL+GA+HI+ID+IL+IN+IA+KS+KY+LA+ME+MD+MA+MI+MN+MS+MO+MT+NE+NV+NH+NJ+NM+NY+NC+ND+OH+OK+OR+PA+RI+SC+SD+TN+TX+UT+VT+VA+WA+WV+WI+WY&topics=62&dataset=data|title=Guttmacher Data Center|website=data.guttmacher.org|access-date=May 24, 2019}} In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 1,090 abortions, 1,280 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 250 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 190 abortions for women of all other races.{{Cite web|url=https://data.guttmacher.org/states/table?state=AL+AK+AZ+AR+CA+CO+CT+DE+DC+FL+GA+HI+ID+IL+IN+IA+KS+KY+LA+ME+MD+MA+MI+MN+MS+MO+MT+NE+NV+NH+NJ+NM+NY+NC+ND+OH+OK+OR+PA+RI+SC+SD+TN+TX+UT+VT+VA+WA+WV+WI+WY&dataset=data&topics=87|title=No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group|website=Guttmacher Data Center|access-date=May 24, 2019}} In 2014, 55% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|title=Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics |work=Pew Research Center|access-date=May 23, 2019}} The 2023 American Values Atlas reported that, in their most recent survey, 71% of Virginians said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2024 |title=Abortion Views in All 50 States: Findings from PRRI’s 2023 American Values Atlas {{!}} PRRI |url=https://www.prri.org/research/abortion-views-in-all-50-states-findings-from-prris-2023-american-values-atlas/ |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=PRRI {{!}} At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. |language=en-US}} In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 5.9 deaths per 1,000 live births.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/womens-health/states-pushing-abortion-bans-have-higher-infant-mortality-rates-n1008481|title=States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates|website=NBC News|date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=May 25, 2019}}
| class="wikitable"
|+ Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996{{Cite journal|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1998/11/abortion-incidence-and-services-united-states-1995-1996|title=Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996|date=June 15, 2005|journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health|volume=30 |pages=263–270 |access-date=June 2, 2019|last1=Henshaw |first1=Stanley K. }} ! rowspan="2" | Census division and state | colspan="3" | Number | colspan="3" | Rate | rowspan="2" | % change 1992–1996 | ||||
| 1992 | 1995 | 1996 | 1992 | 1995 | 1996 | ||
| South Atlantic | 269,200 | 261,990 | 263,600 | 25.9 | 24.6 | 24.7 | –5 |
| Delaware | 5,730 | 5,790 | 4,090 | 35.2 | 34.4 | 24.1 | –32 |
| District of Columbia | 21,320 | 21,090 | 20,790 | 138.4 | 151.7 | 154.5 | 12 |
| Florida | 84,680 | 87,500 | 94,050 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 7 |
| Georgia | 39,680 | 36,940 | 37,320 | 24 | 21.2 | 21.1 | –12 |
| Maryland | 31,260 | 30,520 | 31,310 | 26.4 | 25.6 | 26.3 | 0 |
| North Carolina | 36,180 | 34,600 | 33,550 | 22.4 | 21 | 20.2 | –10 |
| South Carolina | 12,190 | 11,020 | 9,940 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 11.6 | –19 |
| Virginia | 35,020 | 31,480 | 29,940 | 22.7 | 20 | 18.9 | –16 |
| West Virginia | 3,140 | 3,050 | 2,610 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 6.6 | –14 |
| class="wikitable"
|+Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates ! rowspan="2" | Location | colspan="3" | Residence | colspan="3" | Occurrence | rowspan="2" | % obtained by
out-of-state residents ! rowspan="2" | Year | rowspan="2" | Ref | |||||
| No. | Rate^ | Ratio^^ | No. | Rate^ | Ratio^^ | ||||
| Virginia | 20,444 | 12.1 | 198 | 20,187 | 12.0 | 195 | 5.9 | 2014 | {{Cite journal|last=Jatlaoui|first=Tara C.|date=2017|title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014|journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries|volume=66|issue=24|pages=1–48|doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1|issn=1546-0738|pmid=29166366|pmc=6289084}} |
| Virginia | 18,501 | 11 | 179 | 18,663 | 11.1 | 181 | 5.2 | 2015 | {{Cite journal|last=Jatlaoui|first=Tara C.|date=2018|title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015|journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries|volume=67|issue=13|pages=1–45|doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1|issn=1546-0738|pmc=6289084|pmid=30462632}} |
| Virginia
|16,913 |10.1 |165 |17,058 |10.2 |166 |6.0 |2016 | |||||||||
| colspan="10" |^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births |
Abortion rights views and activities
= Protests =
Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. A meme surfaced in 2019 with roughly over 70,766 shares. Practically misrepresenting Virginia Governor Ralph Northam “aiming to ease restrictions for third-trimester abortions in the state”. Northam was referring to Bill HB 2491, introduced by Kathy Tran proposing changes in the restriction for third trimester abortions. Stop the Bans were rallies circling the “concerns of women’s rights, [asserted] that politicians should not be making medical decisions about women’s bodies”. Governor Northam faced backlash over such comments from the Pro-life community. Northam's committee was quick to the press and stated the comments were taken out of context and Governor does support abortions in order to save the pregnant individual's life.{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/21/abortion-laws-stopthebans-rallies-set-across-nation-today/3750913002/|title=Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation|last=Bacon|first=John|website=USA Today|access-date=May 25, 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/31/politics/ralph-northam-third-trimester-abortion/index.html| title=Virginia governor faces backlash over comments supporting late-term abortion bill|last=Cole|first=Devan|website=CNN|access-date=December 1, 2023}}
Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, hundreds of abortion rights protesters rallied at Lafayette Park in Norfolk,{{Cite news |last=Nolte|first=Jessica|date=June 26, 2022 |title= 'Like waking up in a brave, new and terrible world': Protesters gather in Norfolk after overturning of Roe v. Wade |url= https://www.pilotonline.com/news/health/vp-nw-speak-out-rally-2022-20220626-krtbfbxejndzjorhywcv7wj3de-story.html |location=Richmond, Virginia |access-date=July 9, 2022|language=en}} and in Richmond hundreds of abortion rights protesters marched from the Federal Court building to City Hall.{{Cite news |last=German|first=Lyndon |date=June 24, 2022 |title= Richmond residents march for reproductive rights |url=https://richmond.com/news/local/richmond-residents-march-for-reproductive-rights/article_dfa8ad78-89ed-5196-8799-f0c7f4063df3.html |location=Richmond, Virginia |access-date=July 9, 2022|language=en}}
In Richmond, Virginia on March 29, 2023, two people were arrested after a physical fight broke out between anti-abortion protesters and abortion rights protesters at Virginia Commonwealth University.{{Cite news |last=Kolenich|first=Eric |date=April 6, 2023 |title=VCU protesters say anti-abortion bodyguard started fight|url=https://richmond.com/news/local/education/vcu-protesters-say-anti-abortion-bodyguard-started-fight/article_0748a98e-d3d3-11ed-b895-5382f71432c3.html|access-date=May 23, 2023|language=en}}
Anti-abortion views and activities
= Organizations =
Virginia Society for Human Life (VSHL), a nonprofit organization advocating an end to abortion in Virginia and is the oldest anti-abortion organization in the US.{{Citation|last1=Sadosky|first1=Jeff|title=Fred Thompson Receives the Endorsement of Virginia Society for Human Life|date=December 20, 2007|url=http://www.standardnewswire.com/news/130512052.html|type=Press release|place=McLean, Virginia|publisher=Standard Newswire|access-date=September 9, 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.worldmag.com/virginia/18262|title=Moving Forward|work=worldmag.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704205941/http://www.worldmag.com/virginia/18262|archive-date=July 4, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.vshl.org/about_us.html|title=Virginia Society for Human Life - About Us|work=vshl.org|access-date=November 19, 2015}}
= Violence =
An anti-abortion protester named Joseph Grace set the Hillcrest clinic in Norfolk, Virginia ablaze on May 26, 1983. He was arrested while sleeping in his van a few blocks from the clinic when a patrol officer noticed the smell of kerosene.{{cite book|last1=Blanchard|first1=Dallas|title=Religious Violence and Abortion|date=1993|publisher=University Press of Florida|location=Gainesville, Florida|isbn=0-8130-1194-9|page=190}}
An unidentified person deliberately set fire to a Planned Parenthood clinic in Virginia Beach, Virginia on May 9, 2007.{{cite web|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/2007/05/10/task-force-probes-fire-at-beach-planned-parenthood-office/|title=
Task force probes fire at Beach Planned Parenthood office|work=pilotonline.org|access-date=December 16, 2023}}